Culture: Sterotypes, Conflict & Discrimination

Hunger Games Controversy

When Amandla Stenberg was casted as Rue, there was negative comments regarding her being black

Patrica Arquette's Acceptance Oscar Acceptance Speech

- Speaking out on wage equally

- The pay gap over time

- 41% of wage gap remains

- Women still have 82% of man's salary

Many Forms of Identity

Institutional, Structural, Individual

Institutional Identity

official descriptions of who we are

Structural Identity

The large groups and social constructions with which a person is affiliated.

Individual Identity

The traits that make up a person's sense of individuality

Group-based biases

decisions made based on association with an individual or group

Group Based Bias Structure

Psychological Componets -> Affect(prejudice), Behavior(Discrimination) & Cognition (Stereotyping

Affective Component: Prejudice

feelings associated with objects of prejudice

Old Fashion Racism Scale: Explict racism

Mordern Scale: Form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it its safe and easy to rationalize

old fashion racism scale

Antilocution: Antilocution occurs when an in-group freely purports negative images of an out-group. ...

Avoidance: Members of the in-group actively avoid people in the out-group.

Modern Racism Scale

measures "acceptable" ways to express prejudice

Explicit Racism

Prejudicial attitudes that are held in declarative memory. Always aware of your explicit prejudice

Implicit Prejudice

Auto prejudice attitudes that are the dangers to which you associate certain groups with certain traits or concepts of "good" or "bad"

Implicit vs. Explict Prejudice

Phase 1: Measuring Prejudice - Implicit & Explicit stereotyping measure

Phase 2: Interaction with In & Outgroup members - Evaluations & Eye contact Findings: Negative Correlation

- Implicit measure predicted amount of eye contact - more spontaneous auto behavior.

- Explict measure predicted evaluations - more controlled, deliberate behavior

Cognitive Component: Sterotypes

Belief or association that links a group of people with certain traits and characteristics. Can be positive, negative or neutral

Stereotype Bias Our Memory - Experiment (Method)

Participant learned wordlist of traits describing 3 Target individuals

- List either positive Sterotypes or not

Participants were asked to recall the lists later

Selective Encoding by Sterotypes (Experiment) Results

Participants recalled words by Sterotypes typically

How do you feel towards people based on stereotypes and Ingroup

Who Sterotypes?

Most people who have knowledge of cultural Sterotypes

Egalitarian Ideologies

A political philosophy that advocates for equality and fairness for all people. emphasizes social equality, advocating for equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all, regardless of background or status.

Egalitarian Ideologies Experiment (Hypothesis)

The person is egalitarian, still activist Sterotypes automatic, but then actively surprises a prejudice response

Egalitarian Ideologies Experiment (Method)

- Participants all increase in, Except Canada: Cognitive load or not

- Rate aggressiveness of "Blk Americans" & "White Americans

Egalitarian Ideologies Experiment (Conclusion)

When egalitarian ideologies had cognitive resources to control their judgement, they didn't show a bias

Modern Racism Explanation

- Outwardly acting unprejdiced while iwardly making prejudiced attitudes

- Key is regulaly behavior

- The symbolic racism 2000 scale

Explicit Prejudice

Prejudicial attitudes that are held in declaritve memory. Always awae of your EP

Implicit Prejudice

Auto prejudice attiudes that are the degrees to which you associate certain groups with certain traits or concepts of "good" or "bad"

Stereotypes Bias our memory Experiement Method

- Participant learned wordlist of traits describing 3 target indiviuals (list either sterotype or not

- Particpant were asked to recall the lists later

Behavioral Componet: Discrimination

Action that derives from sterotyping + prejudice. Understanding the experience of targets of prejudice

Can people understand other peoples experience with prejudice

No, study shows that white people & people of color that people of other races can't truly understand the way their race sees things

Study about Discrimination Method

- White Particpants particpate in vid-chat w/ osterial other (Blk) particpants

- Particpants watch vid of Black confed talking a race-related experience vs. non-race related experience

- Need to affilate & percieved understanding

- White people desire to affilate correlated with pecieved understanding of Black partner

Reasons for Inter-group Bias

- Self-Esteem

- Need to belong

- Cognitive Misattribtuion (Snap Judgements)

- Implict Attitudes

- Evolutionary Perspective

Evolutionary Perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Social Identity Theory

Diffuse but interrelated set of social psychology theories about when & why indiviuals identify with, & behave as part of social groups

Assumptions of Social Idenity Theory

- Key 1: We all have a need for + self regard & how do we achieve that

- Via our own achievements

- Via identification with achievements of social groups we belong to

Main Compnets of Social Identity Theory

Categorization, Identification & Comparison

Main Compnets of Social Identity Theory: Categorization

People not grouping other social objects into groups. Creates in & out-group distinction

Reason - Cognitive Miser

Cognitive Miser

a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking

Minimal Group Paradigm

An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another

Minimal Group Paradigm Experiment: Method

- Participants came into lab in-groups

- Asked to estimate the number f dots on a page

- Random assigned to groups: "over" & "underestimators"

- Ask particpants to rate each group & allocate study payment to fellow ingroup & outgroup

Minimal Group Paradigm Experiment: Result

Doesn't matter which group you were in, you always favor you in-group

Main Compnets of Social Identity Theory: Identification

Processes of association the self with certain groups

Bolster self-esteem

Effects on social idenoty theory are dependent on identifying with the groups

Main Compnets of Social Identity Theory: Comparison

Compare In & Out groups, seeing a favoarble biase toward the grup which we belong (Ingroup favoritism & Outgroup Derogation)

In-group favoritism

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

Out group Derogation

Belief that outgroups are bas across a variety of characterisitcs & less deserving of good things

Consequences for Target of Group Biases Experiement (What Would Mothers Say): Method

Mothers of young boys anf girls watched a video of child engaging in risky beahior on the playground

- Task: Stop the tape whenever they would say something to child

Consequences for Target of Group Biases Experiement (What Would Mothers Say): Results

Mothers of daughters stopped tape more often to express caution & mothers of sons expressed more encouragement

Stereotype Content Model

Warmth: + or -, emotions toward you/If they mean well

Competence: If the erson lost the ability to act on their actions

Consequences of Prejudice

self-perpetuating stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecy, stereotype threat

Consequences of Prejudice Results of study summary

Dehumanizing Outgroups

- Percieved process faces to extreme outgroup members more like objects than fellow human beings

Shooter Bias

the tendency to mistakenly see objects in the hands of black men as guns

Shooter Bias Important Factors

- Contextual factors that signal threat increase in shooter bias

- Bias decreases in police officers with increase amounts of training

- Bias is stronger when police officers are concerned about being percieved as bias

Stereotype Threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

self-perpetuating stereotypes

Whenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact; our prior belief is confirmed

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

Sterotype Threat Experiement

- When particpating through the test diagonstic of their ability, white people performed better than Black people

- When participants thought the test was not diagnostic of their ability, White & Black people performed equally well

- With sterotype threat can hamper somebodys performance

Conditions of Stereotype Threat

Knowledge of sterotype

Idenitfy causes

Strong Identification w/ sterotyped threat

Strong identification with sterotyped domain

Consequences of Prejudiced Threat How to deal with Sterotype Threat

- Refute sterotype (difficult for indiviual)

- Avoiding identity cues

- Having can incremental vs. fixed mindset

- Deidenitfy: Stop caring about the domain (remember self-esteem)

Reducing sterotype threat

- Successful intervetions against the steortype threatbeffect & the fact that indiviuals feel a sense of trust, safety in the situation

- Learning about sterotype threat (Avoiding misattribtution of Arousal)

- Make enviroment less threatening ( decrease idenity cues or introduce counter sterotypical cues)

Belongingness Intervention

Members of an decreased represetation minority may be relatively increased uncertainity about their social belonging in mainstream insutitions

Belongingness Intervention Experiement

- Particpants 92 freshman at Standford

- Recieved belongingness intervention just before starting 2nd term then graduation, controlg group didn't recieve e intervention

- Control: Watch videos of seniors describing their experience of physical campus life

Results of Belongingness Intervention Experiement

Minority students got gpas got higher

Contact Hypothesis

The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.

Requirements for Contact Hypothesis

- Equal stakes

- Common goals

- Cooperation

- Support from authoritites

Benefit of Cross-Group Friendship

Developing friendships a cross groups is one of the best ways to experience many of the optical conditions for contact

Breaking The Prejudice Habit

- Become aware of their biases & why it exists?

- Motiviated to overcome the bias

- Able to detect the subtle influence of sterotyes

- Learn & Practice strategies that help lower automatic biases

Breaking The Prejudice Habit Experiement

- Everyone takes IAT (90% showed bias)

- Recieve feedback on IAT score

- Control group dismissed (would return 2x)

- Exp Group: 45-min narrated & interactive slideshow sep into education & training sections

- Measurement of use of strategies, implict bias, explict bias at several times for next 6 weeks

Breaking The Prejudice Habit Experiement Strategies

- (Labeling, evaulating, replacing)

- Thinking of counter sterotypic examples

- Individuating instead of generalizing

- Persepctive Talking

- Increasing opportunities for contact

- Stereotype Threat

Re-categorization

an attempt to find a different social category that is more congruent with new information