General Chemistry Flashcards

Flashcards based on General Chemistry lecture notes.

What is melting/fusion/liquefaction/thawing?

Solid to liquid phase change.

What is freezing?

Liquid to solid phase change.

What is evaporation?

Liquid to gas phase change.

What is condensation?

Gas to liquid phase change.

What is sublimation?

Solid to gas phase change.

What is deposition?

Gas to solid phase change.

What is recombination/deionization?

Plasma to gas phase change.

What is ionization?

Gas to plasma phase change.

What is an element?

Simplest form of substance.

What is a compound?

Two or more chemicals united.

What is a homogenous mixture?

One phase; solution.

What is a heterogenous mixture?

Two phases; suspension, colloid.

What is an Intrinsic Property?

Density or specific gravity.

What are examples Extrinsic Property?

Length, mass/weight, volume, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, electrical resistance

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass or Matter?

Mass/matter is always constant (neither created nor destroyed).

What is the Law of Definite or Constant Proportions (Proust’s Law)?

Chemical compounds always contain the exact proportion of element in fixed ratio (by mass).

What is the Law of Multiple Proportion?

When 2 elements form more than 1 compound, it can be expressed in a fixed whole number (by mass).

Who is Democritus?

Atomos “Indivisible”

Who is John Dalton?

Matter is made up of atoms (basic unit)

Who is JJ Thompson?

e- in (+) framework

Who is Ernest Rutherford?

Discovered protons (+)

Who is Niel Bohr?

Most used atomic model

Who is Erwin Schrödinger?

Estimates the probability of finding an e- in a certain position (ex. at e- cloud/orbital)

What is a proton?

(+) subatomic particle; Atomic no. (basis of electronic configuration)

What is an electron?

(-) subatomic particle; p+ in uncharged state; Negligible weight (1,836 times lighter than p+)

What is a neutron?

No charge; Atomic mass (Nucleon) = p+ + n0

What is Anode?

Charged (+); Undergoes Oxidation

What is Cathode?

Charged (-); Undergoes Reduction

What are Isotopes?

Same p+ / atomic no. / element; Differ in atomic mass

What are Isobars?

Same atomic mass; Differ in elements

What are Isotones?

Same neutrons; Differ in elements

What are Isomers?

Same molecular formula; Differ in structure

What is a molecule?

Aggregate of 2 or more atoms in definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds

What are ions?

With net (+) or (-) charge

What is an empirical formula?

Simplest whole number ratio (might be same with MF)

What is Intermolecular FA / Van der Waals / Electrostatic?

Between molecule; weak and short-lived

What is Intramolecular FA?

Within molecule

What is Valence Shell e- Pair Repulsion (VESPR) Theory?

Predicts the geometry of the molecule as well as any bonded and unbonded electron pair

What is Sigma Bond?

Stronger bond formed, headways overlap

What is Pi Bond?

Weaker bond formed, sideways overlap

What is Molecular Orbital Theory?

States that bonds are formed from interaction of atomic orbitals from molecular orbitals

What is Chemical Kinetics?

Study of reaction rates and mechanisms

What is Synthesis / Combination/ Direct Union?

A + B → AB

What is Decomposition / Analysis?

AB → A + B

What is Single Displacement?

AB + X → AX + B

What is Double Displacement / Metathesis / Exchange?

AB + CD → AC + BD

What is Neutralization?

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

What is Avogadro’s Number?

1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms/ molecules

What is Aufbau Principle?

Atoms may be built by progressive filling of energy of main energy sub level (i.e., levels of lower energy levels are occupied first)

What is Principal Quantum Number?

Main energy level; size of orbital (electron cloud), distance of e- from nucleus

What is Azimuthal / Angular Momentum?

Angular momentum & shape of orbital; subshell

What is Magnetic Quantum Number?

Orientation of orbital in space

What is Magnetic Spin?

Magnetic moment / Rotation

What is Pauli’s Exclusion Theory?

No 2 e- will have same set of quantum number (“exclusive”)

What is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Theory?

Impossible to predict/ accurately determine the particle’s velocity (position & momentum)

What is Hund’s Rule?

Orbitals are filled up singly before pairing up

What are Colligative Properties?

Solution thermodynamics

What is COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES?

Dependent on the amount of solute in the solution

What is Thermodynamics?

Study of energy conversion or transformation in the universe

What is Open System?

Allows exchange of energy and matter

What is Closed System?

Allows exchange of energy but not matter

What is Isolated System?

Does not allow exchange of both energy and matter

What is State Function?

Independent (depends only on initial and final states of system)

What is Non-state Function?

Dependent

What is Zeroth Law?

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium respectively with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other

What is 1st Law: Law of Conservation of Energy?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

What is 2nd Law: Law of Entropy (S)?

“No way but UP”

What is 3rd Law of Thermodynamics?

If an object reaches absolute zero temperature (0 K = -273.15 = -459.67°)

What is Gibb’s Free Energy (ΔG)?

Thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy

What is Reaction Rate (M/s)?

Change in concentration of a reactant or product concentration with time

What is Rate Law?

Expresses relationship of the rate of reaction to the rate constant (K) and concentration of reactants raised to some power

What is Collision Theory?

Rate of chemical reaction is proportional to the number of collisions per time

What is the Law of Mass Action?

Reaction rate is proportional to the product of the concentrate of the reactants to the power of its coefficient in a balanced equation

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts to partially offset the stress as the system reaches a new equilibrium

What is Arrhenius Acid?

Acid (H+) + H2O = H+

What is Arrhenius Base?

Base (OH-) + H2O = OH-

What is Pearson's HSAB?

Hard Acid + Hard Base → Ionic complexes

Who is Henry Moseley?

Property varies with increasing atomic number

Who is Glenn Seaborg?

Discovered transuranic elements

Who is John Newlands?

Law of Octaves

Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?

Father of Modern Periodic Table

Who is (Lothar Meyer)?

Atomic mass/weight

Who is Jacob Berzelius?

Developed a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to symbolize elements

What is Ionization Energy?

Energy needed to remove outermost electron in neutral atom

What is Electron Affinity?

Energy given off when neutral atom gains extra electron (making it more negative)

What is Electronegativity?

Ability of an atom to attract electron pair to itself, forming covalent bond

What is Atomic Radius?

½ difference between nucleus of 2 atoms