Week 7: Phylum Chordata and bones

K103 lab exam 2

general characteristics of phylum chordata?

notochord

dorsal nerve chord

closed circulation

bilateral symmetry

what did the notochord involve into

backbone in vertebrates

what did the dorsal nerve cord evolve into

spinal cord

who are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

subphylum cephalochorda

what phylum does cephalochordata fall under

chordata

evolutionary steps

invertebrate

vertebrate

mammals

humans

when did the chordate lineage appear

650-700 mya

what is the burgess shales?

fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada

how long ago do the Burgess shales date back to

550 mya

what do the burgess shales inclue

finned or backboned swimming animal similar to living lancet, Pikai

What is significant about the living lancelet Pikai

Its ancestor was found in the burgess shales

jawless fish (apart from parasitic forms)

what phylum are lancelets (Pikai) under

Phylum Chordata,

subphylum: cephalochordata

characteristics of subphylum cephalochordata

marine dwellers

segmented bodies (notochord extends throughout)

oral cirri (sensory fxn and feeding)

characteristics of subphylum vertebrata

aqautic and terrestrial organisms

distinct head and trunk (supported by cartilage/notochord)

well developed brain/sensory organs (dorsal nerve cord)

closed circulatory system

examples of vertebrates

reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, fishes, humans

fxns of the skeletal system

support

protection

movement

mineral homeostasis

blood cell production

triglyceride storage

divisions of the skeletal system

axial vs appendicular

vertebrate endoskeleton

skeletal system

axial skeleton system

central axis

skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebrate

appendicular skeleton system

pectoral girdle (shoulder) connects upper limbs

pelvic (hip) girdle connects to lower limbs

bones in the appendicular skeletal system

upper: clavicle, scapula,

arm: humerus, radius, ulna

hands: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

mic body: pelvic girdle

leg: femur, patella, fibula, tibia

feet: tarsals, metatarsles, phalanges

anterior vs posterior

anterior: front of body

posterior: back of body

medial vs lateral

medial: closer to the middle of the body

lateral: away from midline of body

superior vs inferior

superior: closer to the head

inferior: position lower or close to feet

long bone example

arm and leg bone

• humerus

irregular bone ex

vertebrae

flat bone ex

sternum

• most cranium bones

short bone ex

talus

carpal bones

sesamoid bone ex

small, round and flat bones embedded in tendons. mostly in knee joints, hands and feet.

patella

bone hierarchy

whole bone (long, flst, short, etc)

Cortical bone (compact vs spongy)

osteon (Haversian system)

single lamella (bone matrix in osteon)

mineralized collagen fibril

macrostructure of bone

whole bone

• contains trabecular (spongy) and cortical (dense) bone

mesostructure of bone

cortical bone

• contains osteons

microstructure of bone

osteon

• Haversian canal

submicrostructure of bone

single lamella

• mineralized collagen fibers

nanostructure of bone

mineralized collagen fibers

• collagen molecules and mineral crystal

what is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone

osteons

structure of central canal

cerebrospinal fluid filled space

bone nerve and blood supply

structure of lamellae

conecentric layers of compact bone tissue

interstital system

space between osteons

interstitial lamella

remnants of osteons partially reabsorbed during bone remodeling

bone cells

osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

osteoblasts

bone cells responsible for bone formation and mineralization.

• surface of bone

osteocytes

maintian bone tissue and regulate bone remodeling

• located in lacunae

osteoclasts

breakdown bone tissue

• found on bone surface in resoption pits

synovial joint

membranous sac filled with synovial fluid

full range of motion

ex of synovial joints

knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, finger and toe joints

cartilaginous joints

cartilage connects neighboring bones

ex of catilaginous joints

pubic symphysis and between vertebrae

fibrous joints

sheet of connective tissue between neighboring bones

ex of fibrous joints

radius to ulna

tibia to fibula

cranial structures

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses and symphyses.

synchondroses joints

types of cartilaginous joints

• bones united by hyaline cartilage

ex of synchondroses joints

• epiphyseal plate

• sternum manubrium

  • joint between first ribe and sternum

symphyses joints

type of cartilaginous joint

• bones united by fibrocartilage

ex of symphyse joint

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

types of fibrous joints

sutures

syndesmosis

gomphosis

suture joint

type of fibrous joint

• held together with short, interconnected fibers and bone edges interlock

syndesmosis joint

type of fibrous joint

• held together by a ligament by varied length

gomphosis joint

type of fibrous joint

• periodoontal ligament holds tooth in socket that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone.

types of synovial joints

planar, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, condyloid

planar joint

type of synovial joint

• helps in gliding movement between flat bone surfaces.

hyaline

joint cartilage

lacunae

• space containing bone, chondrocytes or osteocytes in cartilage

white fibrous connective tissue

component of tendone and ligaments

• fibroblasts and collagen that provide strength and support.

fibroblasts

generate collagen

collagen

main component of connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity to tissues, playing a crucial role in the structure of skin, tendons, and ligaments.

rib distinction

true ribs

false ribes : 8-10

false ribe costal cartilage cap

floating ribs: 11-12

pectoral (shoulder) girdle components

clavicle and scapula that connect the upper limbs to the trunk.

pelvic girdle components

os coxa

sacrum

coccyx

components of os coxa

llium

pubis

ischium

notochord

flexible, rod-like structure that provides support

pharyngeal gill slits

used for filter feeding ; develop into gills

post anal tain

aids in movement

dense (compact )bone

surrounds spongy bone and is the source of mechanical strength

parts of long bone

• diaphysis

  • shaft which is cylinder of dense bone

• Medullary cavity

  • center of shaft; yellow marrow

• epiphysis

  • end of a long bone (two ends) ; red marrow here

periosteum

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue and covers external surface of bone

• tendons and ligaments attach to bone via periosteum

what covers the ends of a long bone

cartilage

endosteum

consists of dense fibrous connective tissue -

• lines the medullary cavity of a bone;

• central canal of an osteon

• surface of spongy bone

Atricular (hyaline) cartilage

covers distal ends of epiphysis

• important in bone protection during movement at joints

short bone structure

box-like or cube-like

• central cavity contains red marrow

irregular bone structure

bones with projecting notched or ridged regions making it hard to see a defined shape

ball and socket joint ex

head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula

head of femur and and acetabulum of ox cosa

saddle joint structure and ex

One bone has a concave surface and the other a convex surface, which form the joint

• joint at proximal end of thumb

hinge (monaxial) joint structure and ex

motion is in only one plane

• trochlear notch of the ulna

• trochlea of elbow

gliding joint

limited motion of sliding

• articulation between carpal bones

pivot joint

allows motion in one plane but permits rotation

• turning head 90 to the left of right bc axis and atlas

fibrous joint

sheet of connective tissue between neighboring bones

3 types of fibrous joints

radius and ulna

tibia and fibula

most bones in skull