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K103 lab exam 2
general characteristics of phylum chordata?
notochord
dorsal nerve chord
closed circulation
bilateral symmetry
what did the notochord involve into
backbone in vertebrates
what did the dorsal nerve cord evolve into
spinal cord
who are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
subphylum cephalochorda
what phylum does cephalochordata fall under
chordata
evolutionary steps
invertebrate
vertebrate
mammals
humans
when did the chordate lineage appear
650-700 mya
what is the burgess shales?
fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada
how long ago do the Burgess shales date back to
550 mya
what do the burgess shales inclue
finned or backboned swimming animal similar to living lancet, Pikai
What is significant about the living lancelet Pikai
Its ancestor was found in the burgess shales
jawless fish (apart from parasitic forms)
what phylum are lancelets (Pikai) under
Phylum Chordata,
subphylum: cephalochordata
characteristics of subphylum cephalochordata
marine dwellers
segmented bodies (notochord extends throughout)
oral cirri (sensory fxn and feeding)
characteristics of subphylum vertebrata
aqautic and terrestrial organisms
distinct head and trunk (supported by cartilage/notochord)
well developed brain/sensory organs (dorsal nerve cord)
closed circulatory system
examples of vertebrates
reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, fishes, humans
fxns of the skeletal system
support
protection
movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage
divisions of the skeletal system
axial vs appendicular
vertebrate endoskeleton
skeletal system
axial skeleton system
central axis
skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebrate
appendicular skeleton system
pectoral girdle (shoulder) connects upper limbs
pelvic (hip) girdle connects to lower limbs
bones in the appendicular skeletal system
upper: clavicle, scapula,
arm: humerus, radius, ulna
hands: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
mic body: pelvic girdle
leg: femur, patella, fibula, tibia
feet: tarsals, metatarsles, phalanges
anterior vs posterior
anterior: front of body
posterior: back of body
medial vs lateral
medial: closer to the middle of the body
lateral: away from midline of body
superior vs inferior
superior: closer to the head
inferior: position lower or close to feet
long bone example
arm and leg bone
humerus
irregular bone ex
vertebrae
flat bone ex
sternum
most cranium bones
short bone ex
talus
carpal bones
sesamoid bone ex
small, round and flat bones embedded in tendons. mostly in knee joints, hands and feet.
patella
bone hierarchy
whole bone (long, flst, short, etc)
Cortical bone (compact vs spongy)
osteon (Haversian system)
single lamella (bone matrix in osteon)
mineralized collagen fibril
macrostructure of bone
whole bone
contains trabecular (spongy) and cortical (dense) bone
mesostructure of bone
cortical bone
contains osteons
microstructure of bone
osteon
Haversian canal
submicrostructure of bone
single lamella
mineralized collagen fibers
nanostructure of bone
mineralized collagen fibers
collagen molecules and mineral crystal
what is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone
osteons
structure of central canal
cerebrospinal fluid filled space
bone nerve and blood supply
structure of lamellae
conecentric layers of compact bone tissue
interstital system
space between osteons
interstitial lamella
remnants of osteons partially reabsorbed during bone remodeling
bone cells
osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
osteoblasts
bone cells responsible for bone formation and mineralization.
surface of bone
osteocytes
maintian bone tissue and regulate bone remodeling
located in lacunae
osteoclasts
breakdown bone tissue
found on bone surface in resoption pits
synovial joint
membranous sac filled with synovial fluid
full range of motion
ex of synovial joints
knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, finger and toe joints
cartilaginous joints
cartilage connects neighboring bones
ex of catilaginous joints
pubic symphysis and between vertebrae
fibrous joints
sheet of connective tissue between neighboring bones
ex of fibrous joints
radius to ulna
tibia to fibula
cranial structures
types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses.
synchondroses joints
types of cartilaginous joints
bones united by hyaline cartilage
ex of synchondroses joints
epiphyseal plate
sternum manubrium
joint between first ribe and sternum
symphyses joints
type of cartilaginous joint
bones united by fibrocartilage
ex of symphyse joint
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis
suture joint
type of fibrous joint
held together with short, interconnected fibers and bone edges interlock
syndesmosis joint
type of fibrous joint
held together by a ligament by varied length
gomphosis joint
type of fibrous joint
periodoontal ligament holds tooth in socket that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone.
types of synovial joints
planar, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, condyloid
planar joint
type of synovial joint
helps in gliding movement between flat bone surfaces.
hyaline
joint cartilage
lacunae
space containing bone, chondrocytes or osteocytes in cartilage
white fibrous connective tissue
component of tendone and ligaments
fibroblasts and collagen that provide strength and support.
fibroblasts
generate collagen
collagen
main component of connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity to tissues, playing a crucial role in the structure of skin, tendons, and ligaments.
rib distinction
true ribs
false ribes : 8-10
false ribe costal cartilage cap
floating ribs: 11-12
pectoral (shoulder) girdle components
clavicle and scapula that connect the upper limbs to the trunk.
pelvic girdle components
os coxa
sacrum
coccyx
components of os coxa
llium
pubis
ischium
notochord
flexible, rod-like structure that provides support
pharyngeal gill slits
used for filter feeding ; develop into gills
post anal tain
aids in movement
dense (compact )bone
surrounds spongy bone and is the source of mechanical strength
parts of long bone
diaphysis
shaft which is cylinder of dense bone
Medullary cavity
center of shaft; yellow marrow
epiphysis
end of a long bone (two ends) ; red marrow here
periosteum
consists of dense fibrous connective tissue and covers external surface of bone
tendons and ligaments attach to bone via periosteum
what covers the ends of a long bone
cartilage
endosteum
consists of dense fibrous connective tissue -
lines the medullary cavity of a bone;
central canal of an osteon
surface of spongy bone
Atricular (hyaline) cartilage
covers distal ends of epiphysis
important in bone protection during movement at joints
short bone structure
box-like or cube-like
central cavity contains red marrow
irregular bone structure
bones with projecting notched or ridged regions making it hard to see a defined shape
ball and socket joint ex
head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
head of femur and and acetabulum of ox cosa
saddle joint structure and ex
One bone has a concave surface and the other a convex surface, which form the joint
joint at proximal end of thumb
hinge (monaxial) joint structure and ex
motion is in only one plane
trochlear notch of the ulna
trochlea of elbow
gliding joint
limited motion of sliding
articulation between carpal bones
pivot joint
allows motion in one plane but permits rotation
turning head 90 to the left of right bc axis and atlas
fibrous joint
sheet of connective tissue between neighboring bones
3 types of fibrous joints
radius and ulna
tibia and fibula
most bones in skull
