AP Human Geography Unit 6

site factors

things that are located at a place (natural resources, climate, buildings)

situation factors

what surround a place/impact the development

reasons why a settlement changes

changes in transport, communication,

urban sprawl

the expansion of an urban/suburban area into the surrounding countryside

price ceiling

govt imposed limit on how much can be charged for a specific good or service

megacity

cities with more than 10 million residents

metacity

cities with more than 20 million residents

core countries

countries that have industrialized and have the most advanced economies

periphery countries

countries that still rely heavily on the exportation of raw resources and are less economically developed

semi-periphery countries

countries that have emerging economies and are industrializing

problems that occur with population growth

demand for freshwater, housing, food, electricity, increased use of sewer system, roads, public transport, growth rates/urbanization rates increasing at a point where they cant handle,

informal settlements

housing and residential areas that have been built without legal authorization (squatter settlements, slums, favelas)

what do informal settlements lack

sewer systems, water, electricity,

boomburb

a rapidly growing suburban city which has developed its own unique identity

exurbs

settlements that exist outside a suburban area but remains connected to the metro area (low pop. density, larger lot sizes, less goods/services)

where do exurbs get goods

nearby boomburbs/edge cities

edge city

settlement that has its own economic district and is located on the outskirts of a city/near belt or major highway. lower density. often have a high concentration of businesses/diff goods and services

urban decentralization

movement of a population away from an urban area’s traditional core to peripheral areas (results in power/money shifting more to peripheral areas)

world cities

cities that are connected to other cities around the world

primate city

city that has at least twice the population of the next largest city

rank-size rule

the population of a settlement will be ranked 1/n the size of the largest settlement

gravity model

larger a settlement is, more pull factors it has, more people migrate to settlement, more places interacting with it

central place theory

hexagons,

why does central place theory use hexagons

they dont overlap, and connect perfectly

threshold

minimum number of people required to support a service/good

range

maximum distance that a customer is willing to travel for a certain good/service

density gradient

a gradual change in the density of an urban area from the center to the periphery

socioeconomic stratification

differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production or prestige

first urban revolution

agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities

low density housing:

residential homes, lots of open space fewest people per geographic unit (Suburbs)

medium density housing

townhomes, single unit housing

high density housing

high rises, most people per unit (cities). Land is more expensive in these areas and causes people to be more crammed into smaller apartments

infilling

process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land

smart-growth policies

policies that seek to reduce urban sprawl + protect farmland around city (mixed use development, public transport, green areas)

greenbelt

an area of land set aside for conservational/recreational purposes

new urbanism

urban planning that seeks to create compact and walkable cities that are sustainable + socially connected

gentrification

the process of renovating/rebuilding an urban area causing lower-income residents to become displaced and more affluent residents to move into the area

slow-growth cities

areas that promote sustainable growth by limiting new development into the periphery of a city