ANAT1101 Module 3 Cells and Microbiome

Cells

• It is considered as the smallest living unit.

• These are the building blocks of human.

Basic Cell Structure

1. Plasma Membrane

2. Nucleus

3. Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane

• It is the boundary (walls and doors) of the cell.

• It regulates the passage of the substance.

• It is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein.

Nucleus

• It is the boss.

• It houses the instruction manual (DNA) for the cell.

• It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

• Mature RBCs do not contain a nucleus.

Cytoplasm

• It fills space between plasma membrane and the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• It is called the factory.

• It synthesizes and moves proteins in channels.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

It has ribosomes attached that are used for making proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

It makes some lipids and carbohydrates.

Golgi Apparatus

• It is called the warehouse.

• It receives proteins from the ER.

• It modifies proteins and packages them in a vesicle that:

  • Fuses with the membrane and releases proteins.

  • Stored in the cell for later.

Mitochondria

• It supplies energy.

• It converts organic compounds into ATP.

• Cells that do a lot of work contains lots of mitochondria.

Lysosomes

• It breakdown proteins that cell doesn’t use and recycles the amino acids.

• It is used to destroy invaders like bacteria.

Cytoskeleton

• It provides framework for the cell.

  • Determines cell shape.

  • Strengthens cell.

  • Allows cell to move.

Passive Transport

• It requires no energy.

• It includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion.

Active Transport

• It requires energy.

• It includes transport by pumps and vesicles.

Diffusion

• It is the movement of solute from an area of high to low concentration.

• It must be a gas or dissolved particle.

Facilitated Diffusion

• The solute moves from an area of high to low concentration with the assistance of a protein.

Osmosis

• It is the movement of solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

• Water goes in the direction where the solute concentration is higher.

Tonicity

It is the affect of osmosis on a cell when it’s in solution.

Isotonic

• A solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

• No net movement of fluid.

Hypertonic

• A solution with a higher concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

• Fluid moves out of cell making it shrink.

Hypotonic

• A solution with a lower concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

• Fluid moves into the cell causing it to burst.

Filtration

It allows for the separation of a mixture through the movement of solvent and small solutes from an area of high pressure to low pressure.

Biome

A naturally occurring community of plants or animals occupying a particular habitat.

Microbiome

• A collection of microorganisms residing within distinct communities on and in the human body.

• No two individuals had the same microbiome.

• It trains the immune system.

It includes:

• Bacteria

• Virus

• Fungi

• Archaea

Pathogens

These are harmful microorganisms.

Microbial Communities

1. Gastrointestinal Tract

2. Mouth

3. Upper respiratory tract

4. Vagina

Microbiome Influences Health

• Members of the microbiome release hormones and chemicals that influence organs far away.

• Hormones secreted elsewhere influence members of the microbiome.

Importance of Microbiome

• Digestion of food.

• Absorption of nutrients.

• Production of vitamins.

• Energy production.

Ways to Acquire Microbiome

• In utero

• Vaginal birth

• Breast milk

• Other people

• Environment

How Microbiome Changes

• Birth - 2 years = microbiome is populated through birth canal, breastfeeding, environment.

• Ages 2-5 = starts to resembles that of an adult.

• Adulthood = little more stable; altered by food, environment, antibiotics, exercise, pre/pro-biotics.

• Old age = decreased diversity.

Components of the Microbiome

1. Bacteria

2. Viruses

3. Fungi

4. Archaea

Bacteria

• It makes up the majority of the microbiome.

• These are living, single celled organisms.

• It can be affected by antibiotics.

Viruses

• It is not considered living cells.

• Viruses inject their genetic material into host cells and use the host’s organelles to survive.

• Antibiotics do not kill viruses.

Fungi

• It includes molds and yeasts.

• It can overgrow and cause illness when immune system is compromised.

Archaea

• They are living single-celled organisms.