Genotype to Phenotype: Making a Face Simulation

Flashcards covering the vocabulary and genetic concepts from the Genotype to Phenotype 'Making a Face' simulation, including inheritance patterns, specific gene functions, and cellular processes.

Genotype

The genetic code or combination of alleles inherited from parents, such as $RR$, $Rr$, or $rr$.

Phenotype

The observable physical traits or protein-based structures of an organism resulting from its genotype.

Female Sex Chromosomes

A chromosomal combination of $XX$, where one $X$ is contributed by the mother and the other by the father.

Male Sex Chromosomes

A chromosomal combination of $Xy$, where the mother contributes an $X$ and the father contributes the $y$ chromosome.

Epistasis

The biological process where one set of genes controls or prevents the expression of another set of genes, such as the $ll$ genotype on chromosome #2 controlling chin traits.

Melanin

A dark pigment protein that serves as a natural UV blocker; higher amounts result in darker skin and more protection against UV photons.

Polygenic Inheritance

A genetic pattern where a trait, such as skin color or hair color, is determined by the additive effect of multiple sets of genes across different chromosomes.

Incomplete Dominance

A condition in which a single gene pair with two alleles results in a blended effect, such as the $Gg$ genotype producing medium red pigment in hair.

Gametogenesis (Meiosis)

The process of sex cell formation where paired chromosomes are randomly separated so that each gamete contains only one chromosome from each pair.

Fertilization

The process of pairing maternal and paternal chromosomes (alleles) together to form the 23 pairs required to start cell division and embryo development.

Curly Hair DNA

The $W$ genetic code on chromosome #7 that codes for amino acids containing a sulfur atom, which creates cross-links to form curls.

Widow's Peak

A trait controlled by the dominant gene $P$ located on chromosome #8.

Eye Color Pigment Placement

A trait determined by two gene pairs where one codes for pigment in the front of the iris and the other for the back of the iris.

Autosomes

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine the sex of the individual.

Eye Shape Gene

The gene $V$ on chromosome #13 where dominant alleles code for almond shape and homozygous recessive ($vv$) codes for round.