human sexuality 2306 chap 7 and 8

three-stage cycle William Masters and Virginia Johnson

A model describing the phases of human sexual response: excitement, orgasm, resolution and plateau. This cycle illustrates the physiological and emotional changes during sexual activity.

Vasocgest

A physiological response where blood vessels expand, increasing blood flow to certain body areas, particularly during sexual arousal.

 myotonia

means muscle contraction. During excitement or the first stage of sexual response, erection and vaginal lubrication occur.

Orgasm

The climax of sexual excitement, marked by intense pleasure and release of sexual tension, often accompanied by physiological changes such as muscle contractions.

Plateau

The phase of the sexual response cycle that follows excitement and precedes orgasm, characterized by heightened sexual arousal and increased muscle tension.

Resolution

the third stage of sexual response and that is the stage in which the body returns to the unaroused state.

The refractory period

period following orgasm during which a male cannot be sexually aroused.

Clitoral orgasm Sigman Freud's term

orgasm in females resulting from stimulation of the clitoris.

Vaginal orgasm Freud's term

females resulting from stimulation of the vagina in heterosexual intercourse.

Multiple orgasms

a series of orgasms occurring within a short period of time. This is much more common in women due to the fact that they do not have a refractory period, but it is not completely unheard of in men.

criticisms of Masters and Johnson's model

Some say the model ignores the cognitive and subjective aspects of sexual response, thoughts, feelings, desire, passion. In addition, critiques complain that the participant selection process was flawed, thus  disallowing generalization to the entire population.

other models of sexual response

Kaplan's triphasic model, The sexual excitation inhibition model by John Braftoft and Eric Jansen

Kaplan's triphasic model

three components.

·         Vasocongestion,

·         muscular contractions,

·         sexual desire.

The sexual excitation inhibition model by John Braftoft and Eric Jansen

is a dual control model of sexual response which proposes that two basic processes excitation and inhibition underly human sexual response.

Excitation and inhibition

both have biological bases. Early learning and culture are critical factors because they determine which stimuli the individual will find to be sexually exciting or will set off sexual inhibition.

Neural and hormonal bases of arousal

The brain, the spinal cord, and sex. The brain and spinal cord both have important interacting functions in sexual response. Spinal reflexes.

Several important components of sexual

behavior, including erection and

ejaculation, are controlled by fairly

simple spinal cord reflexes.

A reflex

has three basic components: receptors,

transmitters, and aectors

an erection

is produced by

a spinal reflex. An

erection center in the lowest part of

the spinal cord communicates the

message. And because they are reflexive,

erections can still occur even after the

spinal cord has been injured or even

severed.

Ejaculation is a reflex

similar to that

of erection, but the reflex centers are

located higher in the spinal cord.

three main problems of

ejaculation

premature

ejaculation, male orgasmic disorder or

delayed ejaculation and retrograde

ejaculation.

Premature ejaculation

when ejaculation happens too soon

Delayed ejaculation

unable to orgasm or greatly delayed

Retrograde ejaculation

occurs when ejaculate empties into the

bladder rather than going out through

the tip of the penis, which results in a

dry orgasm.

The Greffenberg spot or G-spot

female prostate or skins glands is a

small region on the front wall of the

vagina emptying into the urethra and it

is responsible for female ejaculation.

Brain control of sexual response

Sexual

responses are controlled by more than

simple spinal reflexes. Study results

indicate that distinct brain regions

part of the limbic system and networks are

associated with desire, interest,

arousal, orgasm and the refractory

period.

The organizing

effects of hormones

the effects of

sex hormones early in development

resulting in a permanent change in the

brain or the reproductive system.

 The

activating effects of hormones

the

effects of sex hormones in adulthood

resulting in the activation of

behaviors, especially sexual and

aggressive behaviors.

Knowing what we do about sexual arousal,

what can we do with sex offenders?

Castration, incarceration.

Physical castration is the surgical

removal of the testes. Chemical

castration refers to injections of a

drug such as depopera, an anti-androgen

drug that sharply reduces the levels of

testosterone in the body.

Pheromones

just know the

definition uh biochemicals secreted

outside the body that are important in

communication between animals including

humans and that may serve as sex

attractants.

Erogenous zones

the

term originated in Freud's work, that

refers to the parts of the body that are

sexually sensitive.

One person sex also

called autoeroticism or sexual self

stimulation

includes masturbation,

fantasy, vibrators and other sex toys.

sexual

satisfaction.

There's not a set definition. It means

different things to different people.

The prenatal organizing effects of sex hormones

relatively permanent change in the nervous or reproductive systems.

How many adolescents’ pregnancies in us

approximately 450,000

hormonal methods contraception

highly effective. They include the

pill, patch, vaginal ring, and

injections.

The combination pill

most common

method of birth control among US women

ages 15 to 49. It is one of

the most effective methods of birth

control. And it's called the

combination pill because it contains a

combination of hormones, specifically

estrogen and progesterone. The pill

works by preventing ovulation,

keeping the cervical mucus very thick,

which makes it difficult for sperm to

get through, and changing the lining of

the uterus, making implantation of a

fertilized egg unlikely.

Combination pill disadvantages

severe side effects like the blood clots

and stroke typically we see those with

um people who have either been on the

pill long term, people who are over the

age of 35 or people who are smoking uh

while they are on the birth control

pill. . The

side effects to the pill include blood

clots, stroke, high blood pressure. They

may aggravate some cancers, liver

tumors, increase susceptibility to some

sexually transmitted infections,

irritability, depression, and changes in

sexual desire.

They may all also cause weight gain in

some individuals, no

protection against STI or sexually

transmitted infections.

Failure rate combo pill

The failure rate, which is also

known as the pregnancy rate, is the

percent of people that get pregnant

after a year of use. after a year of use 7% of

the people using the pill will get

pregnant.

effective rate combo pill

The effectiveness

is 100 minus the failure rate.

The advantages of the combo pill

that they are highly effective. They do

not interfere with intercourse.

They can reduce the menstrual flow and

cramps. They can clear acne and they can

help protect against endometriosis,

ovarian and endometrial cancers.

the patch

or ortho is a brand name for that. It

includes the same hormones as the

combination pill, the estrogen and

progesterone.

Advantage to the patch

you don't have to remember a daily pill.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the patch

It has similar benefits and side effects

to the pill. Uh but it does have a

slightly higher risk of blood clots. It

is also somewhat less effective than the

pill.

The vaginal ring, named brand new

ring

includes the same hormones as

the combination pill, but with slightly

lower doses. you only have to

remember the ring once a cycle. Again, like

with the the patch, it has a higher risk

of blood clots. The effectiveness is

about the same as the pill.

Depo pura injections

they have to be

repeated every three months and they

work similarly to the progesterone only

pill which inhibits ovulation the

thickening of the cervical mucus and

they inhibit growth of the endometrium.

emergency contraception

Plan B, Next Choice, Ella, IUD, uh

and some others. It is typically a

highdose pill. So, we're using the same

hormones in the pill, but just a much

higher dosage of those. highly

effective and nausea is a common side

effect. Uh, another side effect or

potential side effect is that it may

interact with other drugs.

Long- acting reversible contraceptives

are methods that last for more than a

year, can be reversed, and are even more

effective than the pill.

Implants

thin rods or tubes containing

progesterine that are inserted under the

skin in a woman's arm and are effective

for about four years. They suppress

ovulation that can cervical mucus and

inhibit the growth of the endometrium to

prevent pregnancy. There are no known

lethal side effects and the advantages

include no reliance on your memory for 4

years, no interference with love making

and no estrogen. Disadvantages include

unpredictable changes in bleeding

patterns.

The IUD or intrauterine device

is a plastic device sometimes containing

metal or hormone that is inserted into

the uterus. It is extremely effective

for somewhere between 3 and 12 years

depending on the brand. It creates an

environment that is toxic to both sperm

and eggs and may also prevent

implantation.

The side effects vary on brand but may

include increased menstrual cramps,

irregular bleeding and or increased

menstrual flow.

The advantages to the IUD include its

effectiveness, its simplicity, it does

not interrupt intercourse, and it can be

safely used by breastfeeding moms.

Disadvantages include the cost and

potential side effects.

The male condom

a thin sheath that fits over the penis.

It works by catching semen and

preventing it from entering the vagina.

Its effectiveness is only about 82% but

that does increase to near 100% when the

condom is combined with a contraceptive

foam or cream or a diaphragm. The side

effects include a possible allergic

reaction to latex which is why uh some

condoms are made out of other materials. does provide

some protection against sexually

transmitted infections. Disadvantages

for the condoms you need

to plan ahead. Do you need to have it

before intercourse? It needs to be put

on just before intercourse, which

sometimes people say interrupts the

mood. and then there's also the

complaint of reduced sensation with the

condom.

female condom

internal condom.

 

Diaphragm

A 

diaphragm is a cap-shaped rubber

contraceptive device that fits inside a

woman's vagina over the cervix.

contraceptive cream or jelly must be

applied. It may be inserted up to 6

hours prior to intercourse and must

remain in place for at least at least 6

hours afterward, but no more than 24

hours after intercourse. It works by

blocking the entrance to the uterus. And

the contraceptive creams kill any sperm

that manage to get past that barrier. It

is 75 to 83% effective alone but that

increases significantly with the

combined use of a condom as we saw in

the last slide. Side effects may include

the irritation of the vagina or penis

and TSS or toxic shock syndrome. The

advantages are the cost. There are few

side effects and it does provide some

protection against STI.

Disadvantages in addition to the

potential side effects are that the

spermicide may leak after intercourse.

FIMCAP

vaginal barrier device

similar to the diaphragm.

The sponge

another vaginal barrier method similar

to the diaphragm in its effectiveness,

use, side effects, etc.

A spermicide

is a substance that kills sperm. It's

not very effective alone. As we've seen

on previous slides, it can be used in

conjunction with other methods of

contraception.

Spermicides may cause possible allergic

reactions

as well as irritation of the vagina or

the penis. It they are available without

a prescription. However, an important

note is that frequent use may increase

the susceptibility to HIV.

Withdrawal or pulling out

the most

ancient form of birth control.

It has no side effects. It is the only

lastminute method, but it is not very

effective.

Fertility awareness or rhythm methods

are the only form of natural birth

control and the only method officially

approved by the Roman Catholic Church.

There are no side effects. It's cheap.

However, it's not very effective.

the BBT or basil body

temperature method

is a

type of rhythm method of birth control

in which the woman determines when she

ovulates by keeping track of her

temperature.

The calendar method

rhythm method of birth control in which

the woman determines when she ovulates

by keeping a calendar record of the

length of her menstrual cycles. She

abstains from intercourse for at least 7

to 8 days surrounding ovulation. This

method is about 88% effective.

cytoothermal method

rhythm method of birth control combining

the BBT method and the cervical mucus

method.

Male Sterilization

surgical procedure by

which an individual is made sterile or

incapable of reproducing.

sterilization is called a vasectomy and

it is a procedure that involves severing

the vas difference. It is essentially

100% effective. It is cheap and it

includes minimal health risks.

Female

sterilization is a surgical procedure

performed under local or general

anesthesia that involves blocking the

fallopian tubes in some way to prevent

sperm and egg from meeting. It is also

essentially 100% effective though there

are no 100% effective uh methods of

contraception out there. These are

pretty close. Uh it is cheap over the

long term, but possible side effects

from the surgery may include infections,

hemorrhaging, and problems related to

the anesthetic.

Abortion

is defined as the termination

of a pregnancy.

Abortion procedures

include surgical and medication

abortion. Under surgical abortion, the

vacuum aspiration method is a method of

abortion that is performed during the

first trimester and involves suctioning

out the contents of the uterus,

including the fetus. It is the most

common method of early abortion. The

risks include uterine perforation,

hemorrhaging, infection, and failure to

remove all fetal material. DNA or

dilation and evacuation is used for

later second trimester abortions. It is

similar to vacuum aspiration but more

difficult because the fetus is

relatively large during this stage of

development.

Medication abortions

methopristone or

mephiprex formerly RU486 can induce very

early abortion. It works by sloughing

off the endometrium followed by a small

dose of prostaglandon that increases

contractions of the uterus to help expel

the embryo. Side effects may include

heavy bleeding, cramping and

contractions. Methtrixate may also be

used. It is toxic to the embryo and is

followed by Mrs. Pristol which causes

contractions to expel the embryo again

after overturning the overturning of

Roie Wade. There have been a lot of

changes in the medication abortions.

Many states, many cities will not allow

those medicines to be shipped to

addresses in those uh areas.