Period IV– 1800-1848

Political Parties

Opposing factions shaping early American governance.

George Washington's Cabinet

Advisors influencing early federal policy decisions.

Federalists

Led by Hamilton, favoring strong central government.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Jefferson, advocating limited government power.

Yeoman Farmers

Independent farmers supporting agrarian economic ideals.

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful power transfer from Federalists to Republicans.

Whiskey Tax

Tax abolished by Democratic Republicans to reduce federal power.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition doubling U.S. territory from France.

James Monroe

Sent to negotiate trading rights in France.

Corps of Discovery

Lewis and Clark's expedition for mapping and knowledge.

Zebulon Pike

Explored southern Louisiana territory for the U.S.

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Expanded Supreme Court's authority and influence.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, invalidating unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed federal supremacy over state laws.

Barbary States

North African states demanding tribute from U.S. ships.

War of 1812

Conflict between U.S. and Britain, fueled by impressment.

War Hawks

Congress members advocating for war against Britain.

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting opposing the War of 1812.

U.S. Nationalism

Surge in national pride following War of 1812.

Demise of Federalist Party

Result of opposition to War of 1812.

Frontier Issues

American expansion leading to conflicts with Native Americans.

War of 1812

Conflict where Americans defeated British forces.

Federalists

Political party opposing the War of 1812.

Surge of Nationalism

Increased national pride following the War of 1812.

National Bank

Essential for US credit and funding.

Infrastructure Weakness

Poor transportation systems hindered movement.

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for federally funded internal improvements.

Federal Tariffs

Taxes on imports to encourage domestic buying.

Second Bank of the United States

Established to stabilize the US economy.

Westward Expansion

Movement towards the west due to land availability.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Balanced free and slave states in Congress.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposal to end Missouri slavery in 20 years.

Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as slave state, Maine as free.

36° 30' line

Boundary separating free and slave states.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 without clear resolutions.

Monroe's Treaty

Established US

Adams

Onis Treaty of 1819

Monroe Doctrine

US policy opposing European intervention in the Americas.

Trade with Mexico

Thriving commerce established in the 1820s.

Market Revolution

Linking industries with agriculture through technology.

National Road

Connected Maryland to Illinois for trade.

Erie Canal

Linked Western farms with Eastern manufacturers.

Steamboat

Enabled efficient transport of goods upstream.

Market Revolution Definition

Transformation from agrarian to capitalist society.

Railroads

Replaced canals for goods transportation by 1830s.

Patent Laws

Protected inventors' rights for their inventions.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts for easy replacement in manufacturing.

Factory System

Mass production with unskilled labor assembling goods.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention to separate cotton seeds efficiently.

Spinning Jenny

Machine that quickly turns cotton into yarn.

Subsistence Farming

Growing food primarily for personal consumption.

Commercial Farming

Cultivating cash crops for market sale.

Market Revolution

Increased economic interconnection across American regions.

Migration

Population growth in industrial cities from immigrants.

Irish Potato Famine

Caused mass Irish immigration to the U.S.

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities maintaining cultural traditions in urban areas.

Nativists

Opposed immigrants, promoting anti

Middle Class Emergence

Growth of industry led to a new social class.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized women's roles as homemakers and mothers.

Lower Class Women

Worked long hours for low wages in factories.

Lowell Factory

Textile mill employing young women under strict conditions.

Franchise

Right to vote, expanded in early 19th century.

Panic of 1819

Economic crisis leading to bank closures and unemployment.

Democratic Republicans

Political faction advocating limited federal government.

Corrupt Bargain

Election controversy involving Clay, Adams, and Jackson.

Election of 1824

Contested election resulting in House of Representatives decision.

Democrats

Political party led by Andrew Jackson.

Whigs

Political party led by Henry Clay.

Tariff of 1828

Increased import duties by 35

Doctrine of Nullification

States can nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

Force Bill

Gave Jackson military authority against South Carolina.

Second Bank of the United States

National bank stabilizing the economy until 1830s.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Mandated relocation of Native Americans westward.

Worcester vs. Georgia

Supreme Court case supporting Cherokee rights.

Treaty of New Echota

Exchanged Cherokee lands for western reservations.

Trail of Tears

Forced journey of Cherokee leading to suffering.

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

Resisted removal, settled in western North Carolina.

Enlightenment Ideas

Foundation of American democracy and culture.

Romanticism

Emphasized emotion and human perfection in culture.

Greek & Roman Revival

Architectural style influencing early American buildings.

Hudson River School

Art movement portraying American landscapes dramatically.

Transcendentalism

Philosophy emphasizing nature's beauty and individualism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosopher advocating individualism and self

Henry David Thoreau

Wrote about simple living in nature.

Shakers

Christian group known for celibacy and communal living.

Oneida Community

Utopian society promoting social and property equality.

Noah Webster

Standardized American English spelling and pronunciation.

Sir Walter Scott

Author known for heroic characters and historical settings.

James Fenimore Cooper

Wrote about romanticized western expansion.

Washington Irving

Author who created fantasy landscapes in literature.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivals emphasizing personal restraint and morality.

Camp Meetings

Gatherings for emotional preaching and community worship.

Market Revolution

Shift to individual economic success and failure.

Salvation

Belief that individuals control their own salvation.

Democratic Beliefs

Increased participation in America's democratic processes.

Romanticism

Emotional reality prioritized over rational thought.

Charles Grandison Finney

Preacher known for emotional and moral sermons.

Mormons

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith in New York.

Book of Mormons

Text containing Smith's revelations and visions.