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What are the attachment points of a muscle's tendon called?
Origin (stationary bone) and Insertion (movable bone)
What is the definition of mechanical advantage?
A situation where the load is closer to the fulcrum and effort is farther, requiring smaller effort to move a larger load.
What is the role of the fulcrum in the lever system?
The fixed point around which the lever pivots.
What is the most common lever system in the human body?
Third class lever systems.
What defines a first class lever system?
The fulcrum is located between the load and effort.
Example of a first class lever system?
Head resting on the vertebral column.
Definition of a second class lever system?
The load is situated between the fulcrum and effort.
Example of a second class lever system?
Standing on tiptoes.
What defines a third class lever system?
The effort is applied between the fulcrum and load. (most common)
Example of a third class lever system?
Flexing the forearm at the elbow.
Define prime mover/agonist.
The muscle that contracts to cause an action.
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover.
Provide an example of a synergist muscle.
Muscles that assist the prime mover, such as muscles that flex the fingers.
What is the function of fixator muscles?
To stabilize the origin of the prime mover for efficient action.
Define compartment in terms of skeletal muscles.
A group of skeletal muscles with associated blood vessels and nerves with a common function.
What defines intrinsic muscles?
Muscles that originate and insert in the same location.
What are extrinsic muscles?
Muscles that originate outside of the location where they insert.
What is an example of an intrinsic muscle in the tongue?
Muscles that alter the shape of the tongue.
What does rectus mean in muscle naming?
Parallel to the midline.
What does orbicularis indicate in terms of muscle structure?
Fascicles are arranged in a circular pattern.
What does the suffix '-glossus' refer to?
Tongue.
What is the primary muscle that powers breathing?
Diaphragm.
Which lever type provides greater power but less range of motion?
Pennate muscle arrangement.
Which lever type provides greater range of motion but less power?
Parallel muscle arrangement.
Define effort in the context of a lever system.
The force exerted by muscular contraction.
What does 'load' refer to in biology?
The weight of the body part that is moving or resisting movement.
What is mechanical trade-off in muscle function?
The balance between force production and range of motion.
What are the arrangements of fascicles in skeletal muscles?
Parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate).
How are skeletal muscles named?
Based on direction, size, shape, action, number of origins, location, origin and insertion.
What is a fixator's function in movement?
Stabilizes the proximal point while the distal point moves.
What is an example of a muscle that acts as a synergist?
Muscles that assist in flexing at the elbow.
What are the extrinsic eye muscles
also known as extraocular muscles, are the muscles that control eye movement and position
What defines muscular effort?
The force used to move a load, typically exerted by muscle contraction.
How does the load's position affect muscle efficiency?
The closer the load is to the fulcrum, the less effort is needed to move it.
What does the term 'compartment' refer to in anatomy?
A group of related muscles with shared blood vessels and nerves.
What is the primary role of antagonistic muscles in movement?
To relax and allow the prime mover to function effectively.
What is the relationship between the diaphragm and respiration?
The diaphragm is essential for powering inhalation.
What is the role of a prime mover during contraction?
To lead and initiate the specific movement.
How do intrinsic muscles differ from extrinsic muscles?
Intrinsic originate and insert within the same part, while extrinsic come from external locations.
What does the muscle arrangement 'fusiform' mean?
Spindle-shaped muscle with a wide belly and tapered ends.
What is the significance of muscle origin?
It is the fixed attachment point from where the muscle exerts force.
What are the two types of muscle that act on the digits?
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
How does an antagonist function relative to a prime mover?
It relaxes or stretches to allow the prime mover to contract efficiently.
What is the fundamental concept of levers in the human body?
Bones act as levers, muscles provide effort, and joints serve as fulcrums.
What is an example of the lever load and resistance?
Weight of a body part being moved.
What is meant by 'muscular contraction' in physiology?
The process of muscle fibers shortening to produce movement.
Which type of muscle arrangement is known for maximizing power?
Pennate arrangement.
What does the term 'synergist' imply about muscle function?
A muscle that assists a prime mover in performing an action.
How is the tension in muscles related to their attachment points?
Tension is generated by the contraction and attachment of muscle tendons.
What does the terminology 'bipennate' refer to?
A muscle with fascicles arranged on both sides of a central tendon.
Define 'load' in muscular biomechanics.
The weight or resistance that muscles must overcome to produce movement.
What does the term 'extrinsic' imply in muscle anatomy?
Muscles that originate externally to the structure they move.
How does position of a muscle’s origin affect movement?
The origin's location contributes to leverage and stability during movement.
What is the primary outcome of a muscle contracting effectively?
Movement of a body part or stabilization of a joint.
Describe the function of flexor compartment muscles in the forearm.
Responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers in the anterior compartment.
What does 'triangular' refer to in muscle arrangement?
Muscles that have a broad base and converge to a single tendon.
What muscle system involves the jaw during chewing?
Third class lever system (TMJ-jaw movement).
What does the suffix '-oris' signify in muscle nomenclature?
Relates to the muscles of the mouth or lips.
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