5 Steps to a 5 Questions: Cognition

The three stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin process of memory are

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(A) iconic, echoic, encoding
(B) sensory, short term, long term
(C) shallow, medium, and deep processing
(D) semantic, episodic, procedural
(E) cerebellum, temporal lobe, hippocampus

(B) sensory, short term, long term

Which of the following examples best illustrates episodic memory?

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(A) telling someone how to tie a shoe
B) answering correctly that the Battle of Hastings
was in 1066
(C) knowing that the word for black in French is noir
(D) remembering that a clown was at your fifth
birthday party
(E) long-term memory for the times tables
learned in second grade

(D) remembering that a clown was at your fifth birthday party

Doug wrote a grocery list of 10 items, but leaves it at home. The list included, in order, peas, corn, squash, onions, apples, pears, bananas, flour, milk, and eggs. If the law of primacy holds, which of the following is Doug most likely to remember when he gets to the store?

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(A) peas, pears, eggs
(B) banana, flour, peas
(C) apples, pears, bananas

(D) four, milk, eggs
(E) peas, corn, onions

(E) peas, corn, onions

In the preceding example, which of the items would be recalled in Doug's short-term memory immediately after writing the list?

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(A) peas, corn, squash
(B) peas, corn, onions
(C) apples, pears, bananas
(D) flour, milk, eggs
(E) flour, corn, bananas

(D) flour, milk, eggs

According to the levels of processing theory of
memory,

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(A) we remember items that are repeated again
and again
(B) maintenance rehearsal will encode items into
our long-term memory
(C) deep processing involves elaborative rehearsal,
ensuring encoding into long-term memory
(D) input, output, and storage are the three levels
(E) we can only hold seven items in our short-
term memory store before it is full

(C) deep processing involves elaborative rehearsal, ensuring encoding into long-term memory

Which of the following brain structures plays a key role in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

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(A) hypothalamus
(B) thalamus
(C) hippocampus
(D) frontal lobe
(E) parietal lobe

(C) hippocampus

Dai was drunk, so his girlfriend convinced him to get out of his car, and she drove him home in her car. He could no remember where his car was parked when he got up the next morning, but after drinking some liquor, Dai remembered where he left his car. This phenomenon best illustrates

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(A) the misinformation effect

(B) mood-congruent memory

(C) the framing effect

(D) state-dependent memory

(E) anterograde amnesia

(D) state-dependent memory

Phonemes are

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(A) the rules of grammar that dictate letter combinations in a language

(B) the smallest unit of sound in a language

(C) the smallest unit of meaning in a language

(D) semantically the same as morphemes

(E) about 100 different words that are common

(B) the smallest unit of sound in a language

Because it has all of the features commonly associated with the concept of a bird, a robin is considered

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(A) a prototype

(B) a schematic

(C) an algorithm

(D) a phenotype

(E) a heuristic

(A) a prototype

Compared to convergent thinkers, to solve a problem, divergent thinkers are more likely to

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(A) process information to arrive at the single best answer

(B) think creatively and generate multiple answers

(C) I problem solve in a systematic step-by-step fashion

(D) frequently suffer from functional fixedness

(E) use algorithms rather than heuristics to arrive
at a solution

(B) think creatively and generate multiple answers

Unlike B. F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky believes that children

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(A) learn to speak by mimicking the sounds around them

(B) speak more quickly if their parents correct their mispronunciations early

(C) are hard-wired for language acquisition


(D)learn language more quickly
rewards are given to them
it positive

(E) can learn to speak correctly only during a critical age

(C) are hard-wired for language acquisition

Which of the following is a good example of function fixedness?

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(A) failing to use a dime as a screwdriver when you have lost your screwdriver

(B) not being able to solve a physics problem because you apply the same rule you always do

(C) using a blanket as a pillow '

D) adding water to a cake mix when it calls for milk

E) thinking of an apple first when you are asked to name fruits

(A) failing to use a dime as a screwdriver when you have lost your screwdriver

Having been told that Syd is an engineer and Fran is an elementary school teacher, when Arnold meets the couple for the first time, he assumes that Syd is the husband and Fran is the wife, rather than the opposite, which is the case. This best illustrates

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(A) confirmation bias
(B) cognitive illusion
(C) the mere exposure effect
(D) the anchoring effect
(E) the representativeness heuristic

(E) the representativeness heuristic

Which of the following is a holophrase 1-year-old Amanda is likely to say?

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(A) "Mmmmm

(B) "Gaga"

(C) "Eat apple"

(D) "I eated the cookie"'

(E) "Bottle"

(E) "Bottle"

Which of the following exemplifies retroactive interference?

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(A) After suffering a blow to the head, Jean cannot form new memories.

(B) Elle failed a Spanish test because she studied for her Italian test after studying Spanish.

(C) Lee cannot remember an important date on the history exam.

(D) Gene cannot remember his new locker combination but remembers last year's.

(E) Jodi remembers the first few items on her school supply list but can't remember the rest of them.

(B) Elle failed a Spanish test because she studied for her Italian test after studying Spanish.

A standardization sample for developing a test

\

(A) should be representative of all the types of
people for whom the test is designed
(B) is an early version of the test to determine
questions that differentiate individuals
(C) is a set of norms that will determine what
score should be considered passing
(D) should include people from all different age
groups, ethnic groups, and genders
(E) must include a standard set of directions for
administering the test that all students will
receive

(A) should be representative of all the types of people for whom the test is designed

Which of the following best describes Charles Spearman's g of intelligence?

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(A) There are many factors that determine intelligence, but genetics is the most important one.

(B) The internal validity of an intelligence test is g.

(C) A general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks is g.

(D) Giftedness is determined by both innate ability to perform and experiences one has in life.

(E) The g is measured by the speed with which
one can process information.

(C) A general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks is g.

According to Sternberg, which of the following types of intelligence in his triarchic theory are measured by standard IQ tests?

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I. analytic
I. practical
Ill. creative
(A) I only
(B) Il only
(C) III only
(D) I and Il only
(E) I, Il, and III

(A) I only

Freddie is a 10-year-old boy with a mental age of 12. According to the scoring of the Stanford-Binet test, Freddie's intelligence quotient score is

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(A) 12

(B) 83

(C 95

(D) 120

(E) 140

(D) 120

During development of standardized tests, questions that are answered correctly by almost all students and those that are missed by almost all students are eliminated. Why?

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(A) Only questions that are moderately difficult should be included on a test.

(B) These questions fail to show individual differences in abilities

(C) These questions are poorly written.

(D) The questions may be valid, but they are not reliable.

(E) This eliminates bias in administering the rest

(B) These questions fail to show individual differences in abilities

Barika, who is 75, takes longer to solve problems that require abstract reasoning than she did when she was 35. This tendency indicates

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(A) a decrease in her overall intelligence level

(B) an increase in her crystallized ability

(C) a decline in her fluid intelligence

(D) failing eyesight, which can be compensated for by large print being used on the test

(E) a problem in her concrete operational thought

(C) a decline in her fluid intelligence