Chemistry - C14 Hydrocarbons

Reactions between Alkanes & Alkenes

Alkanes: Free radical substitution - Halogenation

1. Reagent: Cl2 or Br2 in CCl4

2. Condition: In UV-light, reaction does not occur in dark

3. Product: Chloro/Bromoalkanes

Alkanes: Catalytic cracking

1. Reagent: Al2O3 or Silica

2. Condition: Heat up to 500 celsius

3. Product: At least 1 each of alkane & alkene

Alkanes: Combustion

Excess Oxygen → Co2

Limited Oxygen → Co

Very limited Oxgyen → C

Alkenes: Hydrogenation (Addition of hydrogen)

1. Reagent: H2 (g)

2. Condition: Heat up with Ni catalyst or RT with Pt catalyst

3. Product: Alkane

Alkenes: Addition of halogens (halogenation)

1. Reagent: X2 in CCl4

2. Condition: Room temp (w/o UV light)

3. Product: Halogenoalkane

Alkenes: Addition of hydrogen Halides (Markovnikoff’s rule)

1. Reagent: HX

2. Condition: Room temp

3. Product: Halogenoalkane

4. Rate of reaction matters due to bond length between HX

5. Major product is following the rule, more stable. Vice versa for minor product.

Alkenes: Hydration (Addition of steam)

1. Reagent: H20 (g)

2. Condition: Heat, conc H3Po4 (catalyst), 300 degrees, 70atm

3. Product: Alcohols

Alkenes: Oxidation by Cold Dilute MnO4-

1. Reagent: KMnO4 + diluted H2So4

2. Condition: Cold

3. Product: Diols

Alkenes: Oxidation by Hot conc MnO4-

1. Reagent: Hot conc KMnO4 + diluted H2So4

2. Condition: Heat or heat under reflux

3. Product:

   1. CO2 + H20 if Primary

   2. Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid if Secondary

   3. Ketone if Tertiary