English Linguistics II

Flashcards based on English Linguistics II lecture notes, focusing on vocabulary terms.

Concept

an idea that can be easili recalled and used.Many concepts together can form a bigger picture called a frame.

Relations

Links between concepts that appear together in the textual world.

Four basic types of primary concepts

• objects

• situations

• events

• actions

Objects

things we can clearly imagine and recognize.

e.g. tree, ground, bike, clock

Situations

a group of things that are together and how they are at the moment.

e.g. bike getting stolen, party taking place

Events

things that happen and cause a change in a situation.

e.g. bike was gone, party ended

Actions

Events intentionally brought about by an agent.

e.g. jump, hit , realize

proposition

the main idea of a sentence — it tells who did what or what happened.(ore conceptual content)
(Example: PERSON + ACTION or OBJECT + EVENT)

Sentence: "Eva jumped from the tree."
→ Proposition: Eva jump tree

Types of clause/semantic relations 9

• clausal

• conditional

• concessive

• consecutive

• final

• adversative

• alternative

• explicative

• instrumental

Causal(logical-semantic relation)

cause-and-effect connection.

He can‘t go swimming. He‘s broken his leg. (because)

Conditional (logical-semantic relation)

condition and its consequence.

Cut your grass often. It’ll become sturdy and hard-wearing. (if)

Concessive(Поступливий) (logical-semantic relation)

contrast despite a given circumstance.

He offended him often. They are still friends. (even though)

Consecutive(Послідовний) (logical-semantic relation)

result or consequence.

They use the latest technology. The products are first-class. (therefore)

Final (logical-semantic relation)

purpose or intention.

I am going for a walk. I need to get some fresh air. (in order to)

Adversative(Супротивник) (logical-semantic relation)

contrast or opposition.

Miranda is short. All the other girls are tall. (but)

Alternative(logical-semantic relation)

an alternative.

We can take the train. We could also go by bus. (or)

Explicative(пояснювальний) (logical-semantic relation)

further explanation or detail.

It features tyre pressure monitoring. It permanently controls air pressure in every single tyre. (which)

Instrumental(logical-semantic relation)

the means by which something is done.

They examined her knee. A little endoscope did the job. (by)

Knowledge Systems

Stereotypical knowledge stored in schemata, playing a role in understanding discourse.

Frame-script-scenario

• frame

• script

• scenarious

Script

Knowledge about the roles people have in a specific situation.

e.g. skier, lift operator, skiing instructor

Scenario

Knowledge about the ordering of activities.

e.g. skiing a ski lift

Scenes

type of situation we can picture, like something we've seen or experienced before.

(Semantic) Frame

A static bundle of knowledge representing stereotyped everyday situations.

e.g. skiing equipment, types of skis and poles.

Slots/Fillers

Parts of a frame that can be activated with fillers.

e.g. words or phrases that fit into specific grammatical structures.

e.g. university slots: courses, lecture hall, library, students etc.

understanding texts

how phrases fit into specific roles in a sentence.

Example:

• seminar, lecture → fit into the slot: courses

Elements of script

• props

• roles

• entry conditions

• results

Props

Objects and places in a script

e.g. table, menu, food

Roles

The people acting in the script

e.g. guest, waiter, cook

Entry Conditions

Preconditions/situation at the beginning of a script

e.g. be hungry, have money

Results

Effects at the end of the script

e.g. be full, be pleased

Macrostructure (Definition)

the main idea or overall meaning of a text. It’s the big picture or summary that shows what the text is mostly about, helping us understand and remember the most important points.

Macrostructure are formed…

using three macro-rules

• deletion/selection

• generalization

• construction

Deletion/Selection

Deleting irrelevant propositions and selecting significant statements.

>A girl passed by. She was wearing a dress. The dress was yellow → A girl passed by.

Generalization

Summarizing details into more general statements.

> John was playing with his car, Mary was building a sand castle, and Sue was blowing soap bubbles → The children was playing

Construction

Constructing a macro-proposition from micro-propositions by inferring content.

John went to the station. He bought a ticket, started running when he saw what time it was, and was forced to conclude that his watch was wrong when he reached the platorm. → He missed the train.

Superstructures Are…+ examples (6)

patterns that organize the main ideas of a text.

• Headline

• Picture

• Body copy

• signature line

• slogan

• standing details

Genres

ways of organizing content in texts.
They usually follow a pattern with expected parts or stages, and this pattern is called a superstructure.

Letter-to-the-Editor Superstructure 4

• REFERENCE

• EVALUATION

• ARGUMENT

• AUTHOR

Reference

Mention content

Evaluation

Assess Content

Argument

Give Reasons

Author

Give Name