history (copy)

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Provided voting rights for black and white men.

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War aimed at rebuilding the nation.

Sharecropping

System where landowners let tenants farm for a share of crops.

Debt Cycle

Process where sharecroppers often owed money to landowners.

Black Codes

Laws that limited Black Americans' rights.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

'Separate but equal' legalized segregation.

Plessy Dissent

Argued that race should NOT determine equality.

Impact of Plessy

Led to Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement.

Disenfranchisement

The act of taking away voting rights.

Voting Tactics

Methods used to restrict voting, like poll taxes and literacy tests.

Transcontinental Railroad

Infrastructure that boosted farming, mining, ranching, and trade.

Homestead Act

Provided 160 acres of free land to settlers.

Sod Houses

Dwellings built due to lack of timber.

Dawes Act

Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans and weakening tribal identity.

Nativism

Preference for native-born citizens and dislike of immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years.

Populist Movement

Political movement aimed at helping farmers fight against big business.

Populist Goals

Included income tax, direct election of senators, railroad regulation, and silver standard.

Currency Debate

Conflict between gold and silver standards; farmers supported silver.

Laissez-Faire

Economic principle of unregulated business leading to monopolies.

Edison’s Lightbulb

Invention that led to factory night shifts and reduced oil dependence.

Urbanization

The shift of people moving from farms to cities for jobs.

New Immigration

Arrival of Southern and Eastern Europeans at Ellis Island, and Chinese at Angel Island.

Bessemer Process

Method developed by Carnegie to mass-produce steel.

Knights of Labor (1869)

Early labor union that aimed for broad social change.

American Federation of Labor (AFL, 1886)

Labor organization led by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers.

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Labor protest that turned violent after a bomb exploded.

Homestead Strike (1892)

Violent strike by steelworkers against Carnegie Steel.

Pullman Strike (1894)

National railroad strike that was crushed by federal troops.

Union Impact

Advocated for better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Political Machines

Organizations that gave favors for votes and committed voter fraud.

Spoils System

Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Legislation that ended the Spoils System and required exams for government jobs.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption in society.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle', which exposed conditions in the meat industry.

Jacob Riis

Photographer who published 'How the Other Half Lives', showcasing tenement conditions.

Ida Tarbell

Journalist who exposed Standard Oil’s monopoly.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Regulated food and medicine to protect consumers.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Law providing government oversight of meatpacking.

Imperialists

Individuals who desired new markets, naval bases, and territorial expansion.

Anti-Imperialists

Groups that opposed the control over other nations.

Hawaii (1898)

Annexed territory after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani for naval bases.

Spanish-American War (1898)

Conflict fought to help free Cuba, spurred by yellow journalism.

Outcome of War

The U.S. gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Platt Amendment

Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuba.

Big Stick Policy

Teddy Roosevelt’s approach of using military force in foreign relations.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s strategy of investing in foreign economies to exert influence.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy that promoted democracy.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine that allowed U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Panama Canal (Completed 1914)

Waterway built by the U.S. to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)

Long-term causes of World War I.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

Event that sparked World War I.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German military strategy that targeted U.S. ships.

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

Germany's secret communication urging Mexico to attack the U.S.

U.S. Declares War (1917)

Entered WWI to promote democracy.

Fourteen Points (1918)

Wilson’s peace proposal emphasizing self-determination.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Agreement that ended WWI and blamed Germany for the conflict.

League of Nations

International organization the U.S. refused to join.

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

Event aimed at limiting navy sizes to promote peace.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

International agreement that outlawed war.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Period of fear of communism in the U.S.

Palmer Raids (1919-1920)

Government actions that arrested suspected communists.

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial (1921-1927)

Legal trial illustrating anti-immigrant bias against Italian anarchists.

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

First major law restricting immigration.

National Origins Act (1924)

Legislation limiting immigration based on nationality quotas.

Rise of Dictators (1930s)

Emergence of leaders like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin.

Appeasement (Munich Agreement, 1938)

Policy allowing Hitler to annex territory to prevent war.

U.S. Neutrality Acts (1930s)

Laws aimed at keeping the U.S. out of foreign conflicts.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Legislation that supplied Allies with materials before U.S. entry into WWII.

Attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941)

Event that led to U.S. joining WWII.