A Level History - Russia chapter 8

What was the result of Russia deserting its wartime alliance after the treaty of Brest-Litovsk? (2)

became isolated and was vulnerable to international hostility

What was the main motive for foreign intervention in Russia in 1918?

allies wanted to keep Russia fighting in WW1 to prevent/ delay the transfer of German forces from the eastern to western front

What was a lesser motive for foreign intervention in Russia in 1918?

protect the armaments and war materials that the allies had shipped to Russia

Why did allied forces stay in Russia after the German armistice in November 1918? (2)

wanted to support anti-Bolshevik forces and because of divisions and confusion in the allied forces

How many foreign intervention forces did the USA provide?

11,000 at Vladivostok and 4,500 in North Russia

When did US forces pull out of North Russia?

June 1919

When did US troops pull out of Vladivostok?

1920

Where were the main areas of foreign intervention in Russia? (4)

North Russia, the far east, Southern Russia and Central Siberia

What was the policy of foreign intervention that the British settled on?

"no interference in Russia but aiding White armies when possible"

Why was foreign intervention difficult for allied governments?

they had little accurate or up-to-date knowledge of what was happening

What were the names of three American journalists who were reporting on what was happening in Russia?

John Reed, Louise Bryant and Bessie Beatty

What were the names of three British "spies" in Russia?

Arthur Ransome, Sidney Reilley and Robert Bruce Lockhart

When was there a secret American diplomatic mission to Moscow for a possible peace compromise?

March 1919

What was the name of the diplomat who Woodrow Wilson sent to Russia in 1919 to discuss peace?

William C Bullitt

What were the details of the peace negotiations (Russia and USA) in March 1919?

Lenin was prepared to tolerate the continuation of anti-Bolshevik governments in parts of Russia in return for a ceasefire and the end to the blockade

Why did Bullitt's peace negotiations with Russia collapse? (2)

Britain and France were hostile to the deal and Woodrow Wilson did not back the plan

Why was foreign intervention not very effective? (3)

they were on a small scale, there was little coordination, there was limited direct military action

How was Bolshevik survival and success in the Civil War secured? (2)

military successes of the Red Army (Trotsky and Tukhachevsky) and disorganisation of anti-Bolsheviks

When did the British cabinet agree to negotiate a trade agreement with Bolshevik Russia?

November 1920

What were different attitudes towards the impact of foreign intervention? (3)

Bolsheviks were convinced they had fought off a major capitalist assault; many western commentators said that the interventions poisoned relations between Russia and the west; other historians suggest relations would have stayed the same anyway

What was the purpose of Comintern?

to promote Marxism and spread proletarian revolution

When was the first founding congress of the Comintern?

March 1919

How many delegates were there at the first founding congress of Comintern?

more than 50

Who was the chairman of Comintern?

Zinoviev

When was the sparticist uprising in Berlin suppressed?

January 1919

What was happening at the time of the first congress of Comintern?

Civil War

What was the attitude of the Bolsheviks about permanent revolution at the first congress of Comintern?

great optimism about the spread of revolution

Which country was believed to be ripe for revolution in 1919?

Germany

When was the sparticist uprising launched?

December 1918

Who were the leaders of the sparticists? (2)

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

What happened to the leaders of the sparticists after the uprising was crushed?

murdered

When did the Third Communist international exist?

1919 - 1943

When did the second Comintern congress take place?

July to August 1920

Where did the first Comintern congress take place?

Moscow

Where did the second Comintern congress take place?

Petrograd

What was happening at the time of the second Comintern congress?

Russo-Polish war

What was the attitude of the Bolsheviks about permanent revolution at the second congress of Comintern?

the Polish had just beaten Tukhachevsky's army and hopes that victory in Poland would be a springboard for communism to sweep across western Europe were dashed

When was the third Comintern congress?

summer 1921

What was the attitude of the Bolsheviks about permanent revolution at the third congress of Comintern?

began to realise world revolution was not very close as communist regimes and uprisings had all been crushed; leaders were now ready to play down international revolution and focus on issues within Russia

When were the white armies defeated?

early 1920

Where did the new Polish head of state (after ww1 and TofV) want to expand borders into?

Belarus and Western Ukraine

When did Poland and Ukraine fight?

1918 and 1919

When did Poland and Ukraine make an alliance and make common cause against the Bolsheviks?

April 1920

When did the Polish and Ukrainians capture Kiev?

May 1920

When was the miracle of the Vistula?

August 1920

When were peace terms of the Russo-Polish war agreed?

October

When was the treaty of Riga?

March 1921

What was the treaty of Riga?

a treaty which formalised the peace terms between Russia and Poland

In what way was Russia separated from the rest of Europe in 1919?

excluded from the League of Nations

Which other country aside from Russia was excluded from the League of Nations?

Germany

When was Russia excluded from the League of Nations?

1919

Who was the chief representative of the new approach to Soviet foreign policy? (1921 ish)

Georgy Chicherin

When were there a number of discussions between Chicherin and Germany?

1921

When was Chicherin invited to the important international economic conference in Genoa?

1922

When was the treaty of Rapallo?

April 1922

What did Article 1 and 2 of the Treaty of Rapallo do?

agreed to waive claims for compensation arising from ww1

What did Article 3 of the Treaty of Rapallo concern?

the reopening of formal diplomatic relations

What did Article 4 and 5 of the Treaty of Rapallo deal with?

'mutual goodwill' in commercial and economic relations

What was the secret agreement of the Treaty of Rapallo?

authorised the German Army to carry out training and military exercises in the USSR

When was the secret clause of the Treaty of Rapallo signed?

July 1922

Who was the main conspirator behind the Zinoviev letter?

Sidney Reilley

Who was Sidney Reilley?

a very right-wing British intelligence agent

What was the purpose of the Zinoviev letter?

to influence the public against the labour party in the 1924 British general election

What was the impact of the Zinoviev letter?

affected diplomatic relations between Britain and the Soviet Union

When did Lenin die?

1924