AP World History: Unit 2

The first 'golden age' of the Silk Roads came to an end after the collapse of classical civilizations like the Roman and Han empires. How were they revived?

The land and sea trade by the Abbasid Empire

What was China's role in bringing about the 'second golden age' of the Silk Roads?

China had an interest in European gold and silver. China wanted to import luxury and exotic goods to appeal to the upperclass.

How did the Mongol empire significantly impact the expansion of trade?

The Mongols conquered Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 and China in the 14th century. They respected the merchants and enforced protection of the traders.

What were some technological advancements that led to the growth in expansion of trade networks?

- Caravans

- Saddles

- Magnetic Compass

- Rudder

- Junk Ships

Caravans

It is safer to travel alone

Saddles

It increased the weight of trade loads and helped traders travel further

Magnetic Compass

It helped naval technology and identity where is North.

Rudder

It helps steer the boats and ships.

Junk Ships

It helps increase the weight of trade loads, overseas.

What was the significance of Kashgar?

Kashgar is an economic and social hot spot in Western China. It is also the center of Islamic scholarship.

Why is Kashgar important to travelers?

Kashgar allowed everyone to move through and exchange a diverse number of goods with one another. Kashgar also produced their own goods to benefit themselves.

What was the significance of Samarkand?

Samarkand was a stopping point between China and Mediterranean. It is very diverse in religion and culture (Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam)

Why is Samarkand important to travelers?

Samarkand is a central of exchange and trade of goods.

What are caravanserais and what is its significance?

A caravanserai is an inn for people that trade along the Silk Road. People expressed their culture to other people, thus different technology, cultures, and religions spread. This also allowed camels to rest.

Flying Cash

Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.

Money Economy

an economic system based on money rather than barter

What was the importance of a money economy?

It helped traders pay for the goods and to not constantly carry goods for an exchange. It was easier to buy off goods.

How did the money economy impact European cities in the 1300s?

Europe developed perfected the concept of a money economy by developing banking houses. They also added a Bill of Exchange.

Banking Houses

These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.

Bill of Exchange

issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, thus freeing him from traveling with gold, which was easily stolen

Why did the Hanseatic League form?

Cities in Northern Germany and Scandinavia formed a commercial alliance to increase trade activity.

What was the impact of the Hanseatic League?

They controlled trade in the North and Baltic seas. They created monopolies in trade goods.

Why did the Hanseatic League end?

The Seven Years War

How did the increase in demand for luxury goods impact places like China?

The production of iron and steel increased in China; proto-industralization.

What was the life like for the Mongols north of the Gobi Desert?

The Mongols were multiple clans of pastoral nomads (traveled together). It was a very dry and humid climate; lacked water.

How did their environment impact the Mongols north of the Gobi Desert?

The Mongols were skilled horse riders and valued hunting and warfare.

Who was Genghis Khan?

Mongol leader that created the largest empire in the world; created tribal alliances and defeated neighboring groups.

How did Genghis Khan become leader?

Khan helped the Mongols in social status. He was elected Khan of the Mongols at a Kurultai. He earned respect of many people because of his social skills.

How did Genghis Khan earn his reputation as a brutal leader?

Khan conquered most of Asia and spread Khanate.

What made Mongolian soldiers efficient?

What strategies did they use?

The Mongols were strong riders and skilled with short bow. They were also really well disciplined.

The Mongols used surprise tactics and sent a small groups to seek surrender of enemies.

What happened to those who did not surrender to the Mongols?

The Mongols would kill important working classes or make them work for them. Classes include aristocrats, craftsmen, miners, and other skilled workers.

How did the Mongols use siege weapons and the pony express to their advantage?

Siege weapons helped them go over obstacles.

A pony expressed helped them deliver oral messages.

Seige Weapons

Portable towers and catapults to attack walled fortifications

How were Mongol women treated within the empire?

Women were subordinate to the men. They were also trained to ride horses, fight, tend herds, and influence men. They had more respect compared to other women in different empires/civilizations.

Why were people surprised by Genghis Khan's leadership?

Khan was very violent and the government would be hard to control, due to the plethora of land.

Pax Mongolica

Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire

What important developments or social policies emerged from Pax Mongolica?

Karakorum, the Mongol Capital, consulted Chinese and Islamic scholars and engineers. They built bridges and enforced religious tolerance throughout the empire.

What role did Genghis Khan and his soldiers take with the Silk Roads?

The soliders protected the Silk Roads. New trade channels were created between Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe. They captured scribes to attempt to learn alphabet.

How was the Mongol Empire divided after Genghis Khan died?

After Genghis Khan died, his three grandsons set up their own Khanates.

What is the Golden Horde and when was it established?

Batu led 100,00 soldiers in to Russia in 1236.

Who was in charge of the Golden Horde?

Batu

What was the immediate impact of the Golden Horde?

- Forced Russian Kingdoms to pay tribute

- Capital city Kiev looted and destroyed 1240

Why did the Mongols stop expanding into Europe?

Ogodei Khan died and Batu called off attacks to return home for funeral and discussion of issues of succession. They lost interest in conquering Western Europe.

How did the Mongols rule Russia?

Ruled through tributes

How did Russia rebel?

Prince's secretly gather money and develop an armor.

What were the long term impacts of Mongol rule there?

There was wide spread devastation, Prince's improved military organization, develops culture, and Russia gets left behind.

What was the II-Khanate and when was it established?

Huelego led the Mongols in to Abbasid territories in 1258.

What was the immediate impact of the II-Khanate?

- Destroyed the city of Baghdad

- Killed the Calipht (200,000 residents)

How was the II-Khanate governed?

The Mongols rules the Kingdom, but the Persians served as ministers and local officiers.

What were the long term effects of the II-Khanate?

Huelgo and most Mongols converted to Islam.

What was the Yuan Dynasty and when was it established?

Kublai Khan conquered China between 1235-1271.

What were the immediate and long term effects of the Yuan Dynasty?

- Instituted policy of religious tolerance

- Rebuilt Zhengzhou

- Women became independent

How did the Yuan Dynasty rule?

- Mongol rulers alienated Chinese

- Distressed scholar-gentry class

- Mongalian cannot be spoken by Non-Mongols

- No civil service exam

How did the Yuan Dynasty decline?

- Failed to expand beyond China

- Secret White Lotus society overthrown

- Zhu Yemenzhang led overthrow

How did the Mongol decline in China echo the decline of the overall empire?

The Golden Horde had lost its terrotory by about 1369. Central Asian territories conquered by Tamerlane..

Mongols conquered a larger area than the ?, being the largest continuous land empire in history.

During Pax Mongolica, Mongols revitalized ?

Interregional trade between Asia, Middle East, and Africa

Cultural exchange from Islam to China

Scientific knowledge

Cultural exchange from China to the World

Paper influenced communication

Cultural exchange went to Western Europe

Arabic Number System

Mongols conquests spread the ? or Black Death from China to West.

Bubonic plague

The Mongols used ? power.

Centralized

Mongol fighting techniques led to the use of ? in Western Europe.

Knights in armor

? came to an end in Europe due to the cannon and siege tactics of the Mongols.

Era of Walled Cities