Ap Euro unit 3 key terms

Nine years war

(War of the League of Augsburg) Result of Louis XIV trying to extend French territory to the Rhine

Fronde

A series of revolts in France from 1648-1653 that challenged the authority of young King Louis XIV and his minister Mazarin

Protectorate

Period during the Commonwealth when England was governed by a Lord Protecting

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

Junkers

a German nobleman or aristocrat, especially a member of the Prussian aristocracy

Boyars

Terms used for the Russian nobility

Absolutism

A form of government where a monarch has total power over the state and people, claiming divine authority.

James I

King of England and Scotland (1603-1625), the first Stuart monarch. He supported the divine right of kings and often clashed with Parliament.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who modernized Russia by adopting Western European technology, culture, and government.

Frederick II

King of Prussia (1740-1786) known for strong military leadership, promoting the arts, and Enlightenment ideas.

Joseph II

Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790) and reform-minded ruler who promoted religious tolerance and government modernization.