ian better get a good grade on this final

Election of 1800

Election where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking first peaceful transfer of power.

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful shift from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

12th Amendment

Required separate electoral votes for president and vice president.

Tie of 1800

Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied at 73 electoral votes.

House Election

The House of Representatives decided the outcome of the Election of 1800.

Alexander Hamilton’s Role

Alexander Hamilton supported Jefferson over Burr in the 1800 election.

Democratic-Republicans

Political party favoring agriculture, states’ rights, and limited government.

Federalists

Political party favoring a strong central government and commerce.

Voter Turnout Increase

Voter participation nearly doubled in the Election of 1800.

Jefferson’s View of Government

Government is a “necessary evil” that should be limited.

Jeffersonian Democracy

Political philosophy emphasizing farmers and expanded participation for white men.

Agrarian Ideal

Belief that independent farmers are the backbone of society.

Alien and Sedition Acts Expiration

Laws restricting speech and immigration expired under Jefferson.

Naturalization Act Change

Reduced citizenship requirement from 14 to 5 years.

Debt Reduction

Jefferson reduced the national debt significantly.

Military Cuts

Reduced spending on the army and navy.

Internal Taxes Removed

Eliminated excise taxes like the whiskey tax.

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury who maintained financial stability and kept the national bank.

Republican Reforms

Policies aimed at reducing federal power and spending.

Stag Dinners

Informal gatherings used by Jefferson to reduce political formality.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Law that created new federal judgeships.

Midnight Judges

Federalist judges appointed at the last minute before Jefferson took office.

Repeal of Judiciary Act

Jefferson and Republicans removed many Federalist judgeships.

Judicial Conflict

Power struggle between executive and judicial branches.

Strict vs Loose Interpretation

Debate over how broadly to interpret the Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established judicial review.

Judicial Review

Power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who strengthened federal power and the Supreme Court.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Case that established federal supremacy over states.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Constitutional clause allowing implied powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Case that gave the federal government control over interstate commerce.

Interstate Commerce

Trade between states regulated by the federal government.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

Case that protected contracts from state interference.

Fletcher v. Peck

Case that protected property rights and contracts.

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee

Case that established Supreme Court authority over state courts.

National Supremacy

Principle that federal law overrides state law.

Loose Construction

Broad interpretation of the Constitution.

Strict Construction

Narrow interpretation of the Constitution.

Marshall Court

Era of Supreme Court strengthening federal authority.

Economic Nationalism

Support for a strong national economy and federal role.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal where the US bought territory from France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who sold Louisiana to the US.

Constitutional Issue

Jefferson questioned if buying land was constitutional.

Doubled US Size

Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

New Orleans Importance

Key port controlling Mississippi River trade.

Meriwether Lewis

Explorer who led expedition west.

William Clark

Co-leader of the western expedition.

Corps of Discovery

Expedition team sent to explore Louisiana Territory.

Oregon Territory Claim

US gained claim to Oregon through exploration.

Zebulon Pike

Explorer who mapped parts of the Mississippi and Rockies.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who captured ships for ransom.

Barbary War

Conflict between US and pirates over tribute payments.

USS Philadelphia

American ship captured and burned during Barbary War.

Tribute Payments

Money paid to pirates for protection.

Jefferson’s Policy

Refused to pay tribute and used military force instead.

Florida Disputes

US conflicts with Spain over Florida territory.

Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr’s failed attempt to create a western empire.

James Wilkinson

Government official who betrayed Burr.

Western Expansion Pressure

Increasing migration westward by settlers.

Manifest Destiny (early idea)

Belief that the US should expand across the continent.

James Madison (War of 1812)

President during the War of 1812.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Trade law aimed at Britain and France.

Impressment

British forcing American sailors into their navy.

War Hawks

Politicians who pushed for war with Britain.

Causes of War

Impressment, trade restrictions, Native conflicts, expansion.

Frontier Conflict

Fighting between settlers and Native Americans.

Tecumseh

Native American leader who resisted US expansion.

Tenskwatawa

Religious leader known as “The Prophet.”

Battle of Tippecanoe

US victory over Native forces.

British Support Natives

Britain aided Native resistance.

Invasion of Canada

Failed US attempts to take Canada.

Militia Weakness

Poor training and leadership hurt US forces.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval officer who won Battle of Lake Erie.

William Henry Harrison

General who defeated Tecumseh.

Burning of Washington

British burned the US capital in 1814.

Battle of Baltimore

US successfully defended against British attack.

Battle of Plattsburgh

US naval victory that stopped British advance.

Battle of New Orleans

Major US victory led by Andrew Jackson.

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting opposing the war.

Secession Talk

Some Federalists discussed leaving the Union.

Treaty of Ghent

Agreement that ended the War of 1812.

Status Quo Ante Bellum

No territorial changes after the war.

War Outcome (1812)

Increased US nationalism.

Federalist Decline (After War of 1812)

Federalist Party collapsed after the war.

Second War for Independence

Nickname for War of 1812.

Economic Problems

War caused financial instability.

National Bank Expired

Bank charter ended in 1811.

New England Opposition

Region strongly opposed the war.

British Focus on Europe

Helped US as Britain fought Napoleon.

National Pride Increase

War boosted American confidence.

James Monroe

President during Era of Good Feelings.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy opposing European colonization in the Americas.

Isolationism

Avoiding involvement in European affairs.

Latin American Independence

US supported independence movements.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of reduced political conflict.

Sectionalism

Division based on regional interests.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods.

North Supports Tariffs

Protects industry.

South Opposes Tariffs

Hurts agricultural exports.

Second Bank of the US

Re-established national bank in 1816.