Philosphy Exam 2 UPDATED

What is the 'No False Presuppositions' challenge to knowledge?

That knowledge can't be based on any false assumptions or background beliefs

What does the Sally and the regularly maintained clock example show?

That a belief can be true and justified but still not count as knowledge due to hidden false presuppositions

Why might perceptual beliefs not have presuppositions?

Because they are direct responses to sensory input

What is the detective example used to show?

That someone can be justified in a belief (based on evidence) even if the belief turns out false or unreliable

What is the difference between a justified basic belief and a justified nonbasic belief?

Basic beliefs are directly justified (not based on others)

nonbasic beliefs are justified by being based on basic ones

What is the map example meant to show?

That knowledge is more reliable and stable than mere true belief — it helps us navigate the world more effectively

Why are some true beliefs not valuable?

Because they can be trivial or even obstructive to our goals (e.g.

What is Clifford’s island example about?

An extension of the ship case

What does Clifford say about believing without time for evidence?

If you don’t have time to gather good evidence

What is strong emergence in the context of consciousness?

The idea that mental properties arise from physical systems but aren’t reducible to or predictable from them

What is the core claim of non-reductionist physicalism?

That mental truths depend on (supervene on) physical truths

How does dualism differ from physicalism?

Dualism claims there are two distinct fundamental kinds of properties: physical and phenomenal

How do panpsychists typically view consciousness?

They believe that phenomenal (conscious) properties exist in all things and may be fundamental

What is one reductionist reply to the Mary argument?

That Mary gains a new ability or concept — not new factual knowledge — upon seeing color

What’s the epistemic sense of perception?

Relates to how perception justifies belief or contributes to knowledge

What’s the comparative sense of perception?

Used when comparing how different things appear or are perceived (e.g. illusions)

What is the argument from illusions?

That illusions and veridical perceptions can be indistinguishable

What is the argument from hallucinations?

That hallucinations are indistinguishable from real perceptions

How does disjunctivism respond to arguments from illusion and hallucination?

It denies that veridical and non-veridical experiences are the same kind of mental state

How does disjunctivism describe illusions?

They involve a real object but misrepresent one or more of its properties

How does disjunctivism describe hallucinations?

They are mental states without any external object

What is the transparency of experience problem?

That not all sensory experiences (like smells or tastes) clearly show the objects themselves — challenging direct realism

Who was a famous indirect realist?

John Locke