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during a chemical reaction, substrate changes but enzyme stays intact
How are enzymes reusable?
they work due to an area (active site) on its surface that fits the shape of the substance
How are enzymes specific?
Activation Energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
they speed the chemical reaction
What happens when enzymes lower activation energy?
Enzyme substrate complex
enzyme will fit specific substrate into it; substrate fits into active site
Induced Fit
Enzyme changes shape around substrate and makes it snug
it slows down the enzyme reaction rate
What happens to an enzyme when there is an increase or decrease of pH or temperature?
The enzyme denatures and loses its shape so it no longer fits in the active site
What happens to an enzyme when it is above the optimal temperature?
it effects the charge of the amino acids at the active site; properties of active site change and substrate can no longer bind
How does pH effect an enzyme?
rate of reaction increases because there are more enzyme molecules available to catalase the reaction
What happens as enzyme concentration increases?
Inhibitor
molecule which binds to enzymes and decreases their activity
competitive and non-competitive or allosteric
What are the 2 major types of inhibitors?
Competitive inhibitor
interferes with active site of enzymes so substrate can't bind
Non-competitive inhibitor
changes shape of enzyme so it can't bind to substrate
the rate increases because more substrate molecules can collide with active sites
What happens as substrate concentration increases?
allosteric
changes shape of active site so substrate can't go in
Penicillin
inhibits an enzyme necessary for bacterial cell wall synthesis
Aspirin
enzyme inhibitor of the synthesis of molecules that mediate pain and swelling
statins
drug that lower cholesterol by inhibiting a key step in cholesterol biosynthesis
to speed up chemical reactions
Why do cells use enzymes?
proteins
What types of molecule are enzymes?
amylase
digests starch
protease
digests proteins
lactase
digests milk sugar
DNA polymerase
synthesizes DNA
maltase
digests sugar in beer
ATP synthase
synthesizes ATP
metabolism
the many chemical reactions that occur in organisms
catalysts
agents that speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
main catalysts of life are these specialized proteins
substrate
enzyme is selective in reaction it catalyzes; this specificity is based on the ability of the enzyme to recognize the shape of a certain reactant molecule
active site
a special region of the enzymatic protein has a shape and chemical behavior that hits it to the substrate molecule
feedback regulation
keeps the cell from wasting resources that could be put to better use
