BioUnit1: Bonding, phospholipids, and macromolecules

bio

study of life

di

two

non

no

hydro

water

co

with, together

ad

to, torward

vapor

Gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature

philic

pertaining to being attracted to

phobic

fearing/repelling

macro

large

mono

one

ose

sugar (fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose, lactose)

ase

forms names of enzymes (sucrase, lactase)

semi

half/partial

hyper

excessive

hypo

under

iso

equal, same

atoms

Building blocks of matter

proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

biochemistry

Chemistry of living things

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (SAME TYPE OF ELEMENT)

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds (DIFFERENT ELEMENTS)

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are NOT chemically combined

Ionic Bond

A metal and a nonmetal. Oppositely charged ions attract each other. Metals lose electrons and become positively charged. Nonmetals gain electrons and become negatively charged.

Covalent Bond

Two atoms share electrons. Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally. Polar covalent bonds form when electrons spend more time closer to one nucleus than the other, creating slight charges.

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

UNEQUAL sharing of electrons

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

EQUAL sharing of electrons

Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen bonds form between the H of one molecule and the O of another

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Cohesion

TENDENCY OF WATER MOLECULES TO BE ATTRACTED TO OTHER WATER MOLECULES

Adhesion

Adhesion refers to the tendency of water molecules to be attracted to other(non-water) types of molecules

surface tension

it takes a lot of force to break through the surface of water

capillary action

when liquid moves through adhesion and cohesion, sometimes against gravity!

vaporization

The change of state from a liquid to a gas

hydrophylic

water loving (salt, sugar)

hydrophobic

Water fearing (oil)

macromolecules

(simples & complex) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

lipids

fatty acids, (C,H,O) Long term energy storage, insulation, hormones, plasma membrane. oil, wax, steroids, cholesterols. hydrophobic

carbohydrates

monosaccharides, quick energy, cell walls pasta milk bread

nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, P, store and transmit genetic information dna and rna

proteins

c, h, o, n, p, s, amino acids strung together in a polypeptide chain, enzymes,

monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

amino acid

monomer of protein

monomer

building blocks/subunits

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

phospholipid bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.