Period 1/Period 2 Vocab

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, historical figures, systems, and events from Period 1 and Period 2 as presented in the lecture notes.

Slave Codes

Laws created by colonial and later U.S. governments that restricted the rights and controlled the lives of enslaved people, regulating where they could go, what they could do, and how they could be punished.

City Upon a Hill

Belief of America being the hope and light of the world; dignity and pride within the countries capabilities

Ecomiendas

Spanish Economic system which took control of the land of the Natives and made the Natives do their farming for them.

Evangelicasm

The "English-ification" of the colonies. English settlements start to demonstrate actions similar to those in England.

Headright System

A system used in the Virginia colony that gave land to people who paid for their own or another person's passage to the colony. It encouraged immigration and the growth of plantations.

Indentured Servitude

Contracted labor from Africans in which they were to work for a set time and after become free.

Joint-stock Company

A business where people invest money together to fund a colony or business, sharing the profits and risks.

Mercantilism

Governmental system imposed from England to regulate trade and enforce that the colonies were importing more than they were exporting.

Middle Pssage

Passage across the Atlantic where Slave trade was accessible for Africa and the New World.

Praying Towns

Communities created by Puritan missionaries where Native Americans were encouraged to convert to Christianity and adopt European ways of life.

Proprietary Colony

A colony owned and governed by an individual or group who received a land grant from the king.

Puritanism

A Protestant religious movement that sought to "purify" the Church of England and create a society based on strict religious beliefs.

Royal Colony

A colony directly controlled by the British king, usually through a governor appointed by the king.

Salutary Neglect

Britain's policy of loosely enforcing its laws on the American colonies, allowing the colonies to govern themselves with little interference.

Slavery

Forced labor constantly from Africans used mainly on farm plots.

Tariffs

taxes on goods

Small Pox

Disease that was transferred to the New World from the Old World

Christianity

A religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, centered on belief in one God and salvation through Jesus.

Triangular Trade

A three-part trading system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving goods, enslaved Africans, and colonial products.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley, caused by conflicts over Native American policies, land, and political power.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of England's King James II, replacing him with William and Mary and strengthening Parliament's power over the monarchy.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s-1740s that encouraged people to develop a personal relationship with God and challenged traditional religious authority.

Huron Confederacy

An alliance of Native American groups in the Great Lakes region that worked together for trade, defense, and political cooperation.

King Phillip's War

A 1675-1676 war between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip), caused by conflicts over land, culture, and colonial expansion.

Pequot War

A 1636-1638 conflict between English colonists and the Pequot people in New England, mainly over land, trade, and control of the region.

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of Pueblo Native Americans against Spanish colonists in New Mexico, caused by forced labor, religious persecution, and Spanish control.

Salem Witch Trials

A 1692-1693 series of trials in colonial Massachusetts where people were accused of witchcraft, leading to executions and imprisonment.

Spanish mission system

A system where Spanish missionaries established settlements to convert Native Americans to Christianity and bring them under Spanish control.

"Starving Time"

The harsh winter of 1609-1610 at Jamestown when colonists faced severe food shortages, disease, and starvation, causing many settlers to die.

Stono Rebellion

A 1739 uprising of enslaved Africans in South Carolina who fought for their freedom and attempted to escape to Spanish Florida.

Colombian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and goods between the Americas and Europe/Africa after Columbus's voyages.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, natural rights, and questioning traditional authority.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who challenged the religious leaders of Massachusetts Bay by teaching that faith, rather than following religious laws, was the key to salvation. She was banished from the colony.

Bartolome de las Casas

A Spanish priest who defended the rights of Native Americans and criticized the harsh treatment and exploitation of Indigenous people by Spanish colonizers.

Benjamin Franklin

An American Enlightenment thinker, inventor, writer, and Founding Father who promoted science, reason, and education and helped shape the American Revolution.

Calvinists

Protestants who followed John Calvin's teachings, especially the belief in predestination-that God has already determined who will be saved.

Congregtional-ists

Protestants who believed that each individual church should govern itself, rather than being controlled by a central religious authority.

George Whitefield

An English preacher and major leader of the Great Awakening who traveled through the American colonies preaching emotional sermons and encouraging people to have a personal relationship with God.

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed Calvinism and faced religious persecution in Catholic France, causing many to flee to other countries, including the American colonies.

John Rolfe

An early Virginia colonist who introduced a profitable strain of tobacco to Jamestown, helping make tobacco a major cash crop and improving the colony's economy.

John Smith

An English colonist who helped lead and stabilize Jamestown by enforcing strict rules and encouraging settlers to work. He also had interactions with the Powhatan people.

Jonathan Edwards

A Puritan preacher and major leader of the Great Awakening, known for his powerful sermons that emphasized sin, salvation, and the need for a personal relationship with God.

Juan de Onate

A Spanish conquistador who led the colonization of New Mexico in 1598, establishing Spanish settlements and missions and claiming the region for Spain.

Pilgrims

Separatists who left Europe to practice their religion freely and founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Pocahontas

A Powhatan woman who helped create peace between the Powhatan people and English colonists and later married English colonist John Rolfe.

Powhatan Confederacy

An alliance of Native American tribes in Virginia, led by Powhatan, that interacted and often conflicted with the English settlers at Jamestown.

Puritans

Followers of Puritanism

Roger Williams

A Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island and promoted religious freedom and separation of church and government.

Separatists

Protestants who believed the Church of England was too corrupt to reform and wanted to separate from it completely.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English explorer who sponsored the Roanoke Colony, England's first attempt to establish a permanent colony in North America.

Virginia Company

An English joint-stock company that founded Jamestown in 1607 to establish a colony and make a profit.

Wampanoags

A Native American people in New England who interacted with the Pilgrims at Plymouth and helped them survive their early years.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five Native American nations in the Northeast that joined together for peace, trade, and mutual defense.

Incas, Mayas, Aztecs

Advanced South American civilizations ahead of their surrounding civilizations.

Dominion of New England

A colony created by King James II in 1686 that combined several New England colonies under one royal governor to increase British control.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

A 1639 document that created a self-governing government in Connecticut, often considered one of the first written constitutions in the American colonies.

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan policy that allowed the children of church members to become partial members of the church, even if they had not experienced a conversion.

Maryland Toleration Act

A 1649 law that granted religious freedom to Christians in Maryland, especially protecting Catholics from persecution.

Mayflower Compact

A 1620 agreement in which the Pilgrims and other settlers agreed to create a government and follow laws made for the good of the colony.

Navigation Acts

British laws that regulated colonial trade, requiring the colonies to trade mainly with England and use English ships.

Cahokia

A large Native American city near present-day St. Louis known for its massive earthen mounds and advanced society.

Chesapeake

A region around the Chesapeake Bay, mainly including Virginia and Maryland, where English colonies developed economies based heavily on tobacco and plantation agriculture.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 by the Virginia Company.

Lower South

The southern colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, known for plantation agriculture, cash crops, and slavery.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A Puritan colony founded in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, where Puritans sought to create a society based on their religious beliefs.

New England

The northern colonial region consisting of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, known for small farms, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.

Roanoke

England's first attempt at a permanent colony in North America, established in present-day North Carolina in 1587. The colonists mysteriously disappeared, making it known as the "Lost Colony."