Cell bio chapter 16

The accumulation of O2 in the oceans and atmosphere billions of years ago had a(n) ___ effect on most organisms at the time.

detrimental

Eukaryotic cells possess either mitochondria or chloroplasts, but never both.

False

Which mitochondrial membrane is most similar to the membrane of bacterial cells?

inner

___ mitochondrial proteins are coded by genes in the host cell nucleus.

The vast majority of

The volume between the mitochondrial inner and outer membrane is called:

the intermembrane space.

The solution between the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes is ___ the cytosol.

similar to

Which of the following structures is in the closest proximity to the outer mitochondrial membrane?

boundary membrane

Most of the aerobic respiration machinery is found in the:

cristae membrane.

Cellular respiration coverts CO2 into carbohydrates.

False

Breaking down hydrocarbons into CO2 is associated with the release of energy.

True

The main purpose of stage 1 of aerobic cellular respiration is to extract electrons from glucose and other high-energy hydrocarbons.

True

The Krebs cycle occurs in the:

matrix.

During aerobic cellular respiration, ___ are added to ___ to form ___.

electrons, O2, H2O

The ETC uses the energy from “falling” electrons to:

pump protons across the cristae membrane.

When a molecule gains an electron, it is said to be:

reduced.

Within the context of aerobic cellular respiration, O2 is an oxidizer.

True

Anaerobic cellular respiration extracts more energy from each glucose molecule than aerobic cellular respiration.

False

Which of the following is NOT used in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

O2

Energy is extracted in the first half of glycolysis.

False

Glycolysis splits ___ into ___.

a 6-carbon molecule, two 3-carbon molecules

How many electrons are extracted from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

4

What is the net number of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?

2

Glycolysis occurs in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes.

False

For glycolysis to function continuously, which of the following must continuously be regenerated?

NAD+

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and CO2, while also extracting electrons in the process.

True

How many different types of enzymes are found in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

3

Lipid are broken down into ___ which can then enter the Krebs cycle.

acetyl-CoA

When lipids are broken down into molecules of acetyl-CoA, their electrons are taken by:

both NAD+ and FAD.

Which of the following molecules enters the Krebs cycle?

acetyl-CoA

Which of the following molecules leaves the Krebs cycle?

CO2

GTP is produced during the Krebs cycle.

True

How many molecules of CO2 are produced from one molecule of glucose during the Krebs cycle?

4

The ETC is a huge mega complex composed of multiple copies of ___ different protein complexes.

4

Which of the following electron carrier molecules shuttles electrons between complex III and IV?

cytochrome C

Electrons move through the ETC by moving between redox centers.

True

All redox centers within the ETC possess at least one atom of:

iron

O2 has a redox potential of ___ and NADH has a redox potential of ___.

+800 mV, –300 mV

We can think of NADH as pushing electrons through the ETC and O2 as pulling electrons through the ETC.

True

The translocation of protons by the ETC leads to a buildup of positive charge in:

the cristae lumen.

The ETC is powered by:

electrons.

Most electrons that were extracted during stage 1 of aerobic cellular respiration are deposited at the start of:

complex I.

Electrons deposited by FADH2 enter the ETC at:

complex II.

The angle at which the ATP synthase dimers interact is caused by the shape of the cristae.

False