exam 3 brief sentences

It blocks H1 receptors to treat allergies and insomnia but causes drowsiness and anticholinergic effects, requiring administration with food to prevent GI upset, avoidance of concurrent CNS depressants, and extreme caution for fall risks in older adults

Diphenhydramine

This antitussive suppresses nonproductive coughs by acting on the medulla but can cause dizziness, requiring adequate hydration, avoidance of grapefruit juice and MAOIs to prevent toxicity, and caution in patients with asthma.

Dextromethorphan

It stimulates beta-2 receptors for acute asthma bronchodilation but can cause tremors and tachycardia, necessitating correct inhaler use, avoidance of other sympathomimetics, and close monitoring in patients with diabetes or cardiac disease.

Albuterol

Used for COPD maintenance, this anticholinergic blocks muscarinic receptors to relax bronchi but causes dry mouth, requiring patients to correctly use the HandiHaler device, avoid concurrent anticholinergic herbs, and use cautiously if they have glaucoma or urinary retention.

Tiotropium

It inhibits the sodium-potassium pump to treat heart failure but risks toxic visual or cardiac side effects, requiring nurses to hold the dose if the apical pulse is under 60, monitor potassium levels closely and to report any toxicity (vision change) warn patients against taking ginseng, hawthorn, st. john’s wort. diuretics + beta blocker

Digoxin

This vasodilator decreases cardiac preload to treat angina but causes headaches and severe hypotension, requiring patients to sit before sublingual administration, strictly avoid erectile dysfunction medications, and avoid the herb hawthorn.

call for help if pain does not subside, do not let it see the sun

Nitroglycerin

A cardioselective beta-1 blocker used for hypertension and angina, it lowers heart rate but can cause bradycardia, requiring gradual tapering to prevent rebound effects, extreme caution in diabetic patients, and avoidance of the herb hawthorn (digoxin and antihypertensives) do not stop give < than 60 monitor pulse.

Atenolol

It blocks beta-1 receptors to reduce cardiac workload for hypertension and heart failure but risks severe bradycardia and hypotension, requiring nurses to hold the dose if the heart rate is below 60, monitor blood sugar in diabetics, and advise against using ephedra (digoxin and antihypertensives).

Metoprolol

This calcium channel blocker relaxes coronary arteries for hypertension, angina and arrhythmias but causes bradycardia and peripheral edema, requiring continuous ECG monitoring during IV use, report swelling, and strict avoidance of grapefruit juice (beta blockers and digoxin).

Diltiazem

This thiazide diuretic blocks distal tubule sodium reabsorption to treat hypertension but causes hypokalemia and hyperglycemia, requiring morning administration, potassium-rich diets, blood sugar monitoring in diabetics, and avoidance of licorice. Take in the morning to avoid nocturia and rise slowly.

Hydrochlorothiazide

A potent loop diuretic that causes rapid fluid loss for heart failure, it risks severe electrolyte depletion, hypokalemia and ototoxicity, requiring slow IV administration, daily weights, caution in patients with sulfa allergies, and avoidance of licorice or ginseng. rise slowly and report tinnitus. may need potassium supplement

Furosemide

This potassium-sparing diuretic blocks aldosterone for heart failure and hypernatremia but risks life-threatening hyperkalemia, requiring morning administration, strict contraindication in patients with severe renal failure, and absolute avoidance of potassium-containing salt substitutes.

Spironolactone

It blocks alpha-1 receptors to treat hypertension and BPH but causes dangerous "first-dose" orthostatic hypotension, requiring bedtime administration, daily weight checks for edema, caution with other highly protein-bound drugs, and avoidance antihypertensives, alcohol. Take at bed time and do not stop abruptly.

Prazosin

This ACE inhibitor blocks angiotensin II to treat hypertension but causes a dry cough and risks hyperkalemia or angioedema, requiring blood pressure monitoring, contraindication during pregnancy, and avoidance of potassium salt substitutes. (diuretics and NSAIDs). report coughing or swelling.

Lisinopril

an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat hypertension and heart failure by inhibiting the vasoconstricting effects of angiotensin II, but it carries a risk of hyperkalemia and orthostatic hypotension, never administered during pregnancy, and explicitly warn the patient to avoid potassium-containing salt substitutes (NSAIDs and postassium sparing diuretics)

valsartain

It binds to antithrombin III to rapidly prevent venous thrombosis but risks hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia, requiring strict aPTT monitoring, protamine sulfate as a standby antidote, bleeding precautions in older adults, and avoidance of ginkgo and garlic (aspirin, NSAIDs, anticoagulants). Report signs of bleeding and avoid high risk activities

heparin

This low-molecular-weight heparin inactivates factor Xa to prevent DVT but risks bleeding, requiring subcutaneous abdominal injection without expelling the air bubble, avoidance of garlic and ginger, and contraindication in patients with porcine hypersensitivity. do not rub injection site and rotate site.

Enoxaparin

It inhibits hepatic vitamin K synthesis to prevent thromboembolism but risks severe hemorrhage, requiring strict INR monitoring, a consistent vitamin K diet, absolute contraindication in pregnancy, and avoidance of herbs like ginkgo and St. John's wort. Inform pt to have regular INR checks, use a soft toothbrush, and report any hemorrhage and skin necrosis

warfarin sodium

This antiplatelet blocks ADP receptors to prevent strokes and MIs but risks GI bleeding and thrombocytopenia, requiring discontinuation 7 days before surgery, monitoring in patients with CYP2C19 genetic variants, and avoidance of concurrent omeprazole or garlic. Report any signs of bleeding

clopidogrel bisulfate

It converts plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve acute clots for ischemic stroke (Thrombolytic agent) but causes life-threatening hemorrhage, requiring strict avoidance of venipunctures, contraindication in patients with recent head trauma, and absolute avoidance of ginkgo and garlic. Increased bleeding risk and should be avoiding invasive procedures 24 hours after administration

alteplase

It inhibits HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol but risks liver dysfunction and rhabdomyolysis, requiring nighttime administration, baseline liver enzyme checks, absolute contraindication in pregnancy, and strict avoidance of grapefruit juice. Patient must report any unexplained muscle pain and to follow a low cholesterol diet

Atorvastatin

This antiplatelet and vasodilator treats intermittent claudication but causes headaches and palpitations, requiring administration on an empty stomach, absolute contraindication in heart failure patients, and avoidance of ginkgo and garlic to prevent severe bleeding. Avoid grapefruit and take monitor any palpitations.

Cilostazol