CNS Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

CNS Disorders

Conditions affecting the central nervous system.

Prevalence

Frequency of a disorder in a population.

Childhood Anxiety

2% - 24% prevalence in children globally.

Childhood Depression

1% at age 11, rising to 10% in adults.

Conduct Disorder

Behavioral disorder with 2% - 5% prevalence.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication and behavior.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

3-5% prevalence; more common in boys.

Tourette's Syndrome

Neurological disorder characterized by tics.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorder with intrusive thoughts and compulsions.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance.

Eating Disorders

Serious conditions requiring inpatient treatment.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders arising from brain development issues.

Co-morbidities

Conditions occurring simultaneously with another disorder.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Psychotherapy focusing on changing thought patterns.

Pathological Demand Avoidance

Resisting everyday demands; associated with ASD.

Risperidone

Antipsychotic used for severe irritability in children.

Methylphenidate

Psychostimulant commonly prescribed for ADHD.

Dexamfetamine

Stimulant medication for ADHD treatment.

Atomoxetine

Non-stimulant medication for ADHD management.

Neurodivergent

Describes individuals with atypical neurological development.

Synaptic Clef

Space between neurons where neurotransmitters act.

Cochrane Reviews

Systematic reviews assessing treatment efficacy.

Developmental Milestones

Key skills children should acquire at certain ages.

Enhanced Visual Perception

Improved ability to process visual information.

Islands of Genius

Exceptional abilities in specific areas despite disabilities.

Psychosocial Intervention

Strategies to improve social and communication skills.

Serious Adverse Events

Severe negative reactions to medication, e.g., death.

Tics

Involuntary movements or vocalizations in Tourette's.

Habit Reversal Therapy

Technique to identify and stop tic triggers.

Exposure with Response Prevention

Increases exposure to tic urges to suppress them.

Antipsychotics

Medications like risperidone for Tourette's treatment.

Clonidine

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist reducing tic severity.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Anxiety disorder with obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessions

Unwanted thoughts causing anxiety in OCD.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors to alleviate obsessive anxiety.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Preoccupation with perceived physical defects.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Effective treatment for OCD and BDD.

SSRIs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression.

Fluoxetine

SSRI used for OCD and BDD in children.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss.

Bulimia

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Compulsive overeating without purging.

Mental Health Act 1983

Legal framework for mental health treatment in England.

Gillick Competence

Ability of a child to consent to treatment.

Genetic Diagnostics

Identifying genetic variants linked to disorders.

SLITRK5 Gene

Potential risk gene for OCD treatment targets.

Pharmacological Approaches

Medication-based treatment methods for disorders.

Metabo-psychiatric Disorders

Disorders influenced by metabolic and psychiatric factors.