Time period 4

Marbury v. Madison

Jefferson wanted to block Federailsit jodges appoinyed by joahn adams by not delivering commisssons. William Murbaru sued for his commissons. This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Marshall Court

Chief Justice John Marshall; established the power of the federal government over the states; supremacy clause; supported by McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden

Second great awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, easily understood preachers spoke about salvation for all.

Charles Finney

urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

War of 1812 causes

British violating US neutral rights; British impressments of sailors

Jefferson Inaugural Address/Call for Unity

"we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists", government was above party politics, Federalists were no longer a power

Jefferson's view of constitution

Wanted a bill of right and a strict interpretation

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France (first belonged to spain, but Napoleon dorced it to go back to France) Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. Politicians werent sure if constitution allowed for purchase

Embargo Act of 1807

prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports, it backh and caused a depression, NE states almost suceded from the union bc of it, so jefferson appealed it in 1809 allowing tade with all countries but Britan and France

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

American system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Henry Clay

From KY, leader in HOR, developed American system

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Era of good feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

cultural nationalism

pride in the culture of one's country

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory, and Us agreed to assume $5 million dollars in claims to spain and give up US claims of Spanish Texas

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Clay's Proposal

1. Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state

2. Admit Maine as a free state

3. Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30

Monroe Doctrine

In monroes annual message to congress, written by John Quincy Adams, opposinf affairs w/ western hemisphere

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Immigration

Increase began in 1832, come to ports in bug cites and most stayed near there, strengthened US economy

Growth of Labor Unions

Goal was to reduce the workday from 12 to 10 hours

Expansion of suffrage

all white men could vote (didn't have to own land)

Andrew Jackson

Know was the common man

Spoils system (rotation of office)

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. Andrew Jackson

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatened to secede (withdraw) from the U.S. if tariffs were not reduced

Nullification Theory

each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created nullification theory

Bank Veto

Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the proposed charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required payment for public lands in gold or silver

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks collapsed as a result of the specie circular. Bank of the U.S. failed because the value of the dollar bill plummeted, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws. (Gandhi, MJK, Thoreau)

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Antebellum Reform Movements

Large impact in north and west, not much in south

• women's rights

• transporting free slaves to Africa

• Christians start to believe slavery is a sin

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of the country.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Liberty Party

Abolitionist political party that nominated James G. Birney for president, believed the more practical route to end slavery was by political means, only campaign was pledge to bring an end to slavery

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Slave Resistance

When an owner's slaves rebel against the owner, in the form of running away, boycotting work, etc

King cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry

Cotton Gin impact on slavery

slavery was expanded, as cotton became more profitable and more important, and people demanded more of it

North Economy

Based on factories, manufacturing, small scaled farming

West economy

agricultural economy based on livestock and cash crops such as barley and wheat

South economy

Based on cash crops, agriculture

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole and Fredrick church, painted US landscapes, mostly NY and the western frontier, expressed the romantic ages fascination with the natural world