Science-Living Things

Term 1

What does it mean to be alive or a living thing?

They must be able to move, respirate, sense, grow, reproduce, excrete and take in nutrition.

What does respiration mean?

All living things need to burn glucose to get energy. When we respire, glucose reacts with oxygen. This process releases energy which living things can use. When living things respire, they produce CO2 and water as a waste product.

What does sensitivity mean?

All living things are able to sense their environment and then respond. When environments change, our body will react in response to that change.

What two systems in our body respond to their environment?

The nervous and endocrine system.

What is the endocrine system made up of?

Glands and hormones.

What does growth in living things involve?

Living things get bigger and develop and change over time. It uses food to produce new cells.

What is the permanent increase in cell numbers called?

Growth.

What are the two types of reproduction?

Asexual, where only one parent is needed. This offspring is genetical identical to the parent.

Sexual, two parents needed and the offspring has a mixture of features.

What systems are in place to excrete waste?

The lungs remove carbon dioxide and the kidneys filter our blood to remove urea from our body through urine.

what types of nutrients do we absorb through eating food?

Glucose, Fat, proteins, Vitamins

What is metabolism?

The chemical process that maintain life and allow organisms to grow and reproduce their structures and respond to their environments.

What are the two types of chemical tractions of metabolism?

Catabolism break down organic matter

Anabolism build complex molecules from simpler substances.

What is catabolism?

the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules.

What is an example of catabolism?

Respiration which breaks down the glucose molecule to release energy.

What is anabolism?

the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesize or make new complex molecules.

What is diffusion?

When particles move from higher concentration to lower concentration.

What is a multicellular organism?

Organisms that are made up or more than one cell. Many cells in a multicellular organism has a special job or function.

What are cells that perform a particular function when grouped together called?

Tissues

What is it called when different tissues work together?

Organ

What is it called when different organs work together?

Organ systems.

What is a simple system made up of?

Inputs, processes and outputs.

What are the different systems in the body?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What are the two products that your blood carries away from your cells?

Carbon dioxide and water

Why is the ciruculatory system referred to as a transport network?

It carries food, oxygen and hormones around the body.

What is the role of the excretory system?

To remove wastes from the body

Which systems are not involved in adding, removing or transporting things in your body?

Skeletal and nervous

What is the role of the respiratory system?

To add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the air into the blood

Which systems provide the materials for energy in your cells?

Digestive and respiratory system.

What are major tissues and organs in the circulatory system?

Heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.

What is the primary funtion of the circulatory system

Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes and regulates body temperature.

what are the major tissues and organs in the digestive system?

Stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small and large intestine

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food and absorb water, nutrients and salts. Eliminates some waste.

What are the major tissues and organs in the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

Influences growth, development, metabolism and helps maintain homeostasis.

What are the major tissues and organs in the excretory system?

Skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder, large intestine.

What is the primary function of the excretory system?

Eliminates waste products, helps maintain homeostasis.

What are the major tissues and organs of the immune system?

White blood cells, thymus, spleen, skin

What is the primary function of the immune system?

Protects against disease, stores and generates white blood cells.

What is the major tissues and organs of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Act as a barrier against infection, injury, UV radiation, helps regulate body temperature.

What are the major tissues and organs of the muscular system?

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

Produces voluntary and involuntary movements, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system.

What are the major tissues and organs of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

Regulatres bodys response to changes in internal and external environment, processes information.

What is the major tissues and organs of the respiratory system?

Nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Brings in oxygen for cells, expels carbon dioxide and water vapour.

What are the major tissues and organs of the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments tendons.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Supports and protects vital organs, allows movement stores minerals, produces red blood cells.

What is a change in the environment called?

Stimulus

What systems work together to provide a stable internal environment for cells?

Circulatory, respiratory, digestive and excretory.

The receptors in the human body that detect changes in the eternal environment?

Chemoreceptors- Presence of chemicals

Thermoreceptors- Changes in temperature

Mechanoreceptors- touch and vibration changes

Photoreceptors- Light during vision

pain receptors

Pressure receptors.

Receptors in the human body which detect changes in the interal environment

Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings.

What is the response to stimuli process?

Stimulus-receptor-control centre-effectors-response

What is the two parts of the nervous system?

The central and peripheral nervous system

The central nervous system

Made up of the brain and spine

Receives information from over the body, processes it and sends messages telling the body how to respond

The peripheral nervous system

made up of nerves that carry messages to and from the CNS.

What is an Adrenal Gland?

Endocrine glands situated in the kidneys

What is Adrenalin?

The common name for the hormone epinephrine

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A hormone that controls the volume of urine produced by the body

What is autonomic nervous system?

The system controlling involuntary actions such as heartbeat.

What is Alveoli?

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles. They are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing.

What are bronchioles?

The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs

What is an axon?

A nerve fibre that sends nerve impulses away from the body

What is a brain stem?

The part of the brain where the spinal cord enters the skull; it controls the bodys vital functions such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.

What is a cell body?

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

What is cellular respiration?

The process that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms to break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP.

What is the Central Nervous System?

The brain and spinal cord.

What is a cerebellum?

The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination and balance

What is coordination?

Working together of body organs and systems to appropriately respond to stimuli.

What are dendrites?

Branches from the cell body that recieve messages from other neuron

What is diffusion?

The movement of particles of a substance from an area of high concentration to low.

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that produce homrones

What is the endocrine system.

All the endocrine glands in the body.

What is Endothermic?

Ability to maintain a constant body temperature.

What is an effector?

Muscles or glands that put the messagers into effect.

What is epinephrine?

A hormone produced in the adrenal glands; commonly known as adrenalin.

What is excretion?

The process of which organisms expels metabolic waste products and other toxic substances from their body. In vertebrates, this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys and skin.

What is an enzyme?

A chemical that speeds up a rate of reactions.

What is a gland?

an organ which produces and released substances that perform specific functions in the body.

What is glucagon?

A hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose levels.

What is a hormone?

A chemical substance that acts as messengers in the body

What is hypothalamus?

A portion of the brain that constantly checks the internal environment of the body.

What is insulin?

A hormone produced in the pancreas that causes the liver and muscles to extract glucose from the bloodstream and store in the liver and muscles.

What is the medulla?

The lower half of the brain stem.

What are motor neurons?

nerve cells that carry messages from the CNS to effectors

What is the myelin sheath?

the insulating layer that covers a neuron

What are nerve impulses?

The electrical message carried by a nerve cell.

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell.

What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical message released at the end of an axon the be received by the next neurons dendrites.

What is a neurotoxin?

Synthetic or naturally occurring substances that damage, destroy or impair the functioning of the central and/or peripheral nervous system

What is an optic nerve?

The nerve that carries messages to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye

What is that parasympathetic nervous system.

part of the nervous system that slows the body down and controls it when it is resting.

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

The nerves that carry message to and from the central nervous system and other parts of the body.

What is a pituitary gland?

The endocrine gland that controls the activities of other endocrine glands; master glands.

What are photoreceptors?

The cells in the retina that respond to light and convert light into signals that are sent to the brain.

What is a receptor?

A specialised cell that detects changes.

What is a reflex action?

Quick, automatic actions to protect from danger

What are sensory neurons?

Nerve cells that carry messages form the cells in sensory organs to the CNS.

What is the somatic nervous system?

The part of the nervous system that coordinates the movement of the body and receives information from the sensory glands.

What is stimulus?

Any factor that stimulates a receptor and brings about a response.