Hobbs western civ unit 4

edward gibbon

wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Edward gibbon believed rome fell because

loss of civic virtue, too much diversity(most emperors born outside rome) and too christian(pessimistic and reliant on mercanaries

constantine

First Christian emperor of Rome

what did constantine do

he made the edict of milan, moved the capital, oversaw the council of nicea

edict of milan

outlawed persecution of christians

where did the roman capital move?

rome to byzantium(constantinople)now istanbul

jesus of nazareth

spoke the gospels, descendant of abraham and david

muhammad

wrote the koran and started islam

Was Muhammad successful at first trying to convert the people of Mecca?

no, only had 14 followers after 3 years

simon

jesus named him peter

peter

the rock upon jesus would build his church

what did peter believe before the conference of jerusalem

That christianity was a continuation of judaism

Why wasn't peters idea of christianity successful?

Men didn't want to be circumsized.

saul of tarsus was renamed-

Paul

road to damascus

paul's conversion to christianity

what was paul's idea of christianity?

It was not a continuation of judaism, rather something new. This was the more successful school of thought that ultimately won at the conference of jerusalem.

Montanus

2nd century church leader whose views on the outpouring of the Holy Spirit through trances leading to prophetic utterances about the return of Christ and the establishment of a New Jerusalem led to a heretical ascetic set that was condemned by the church. two girls who spoke in tongues(priscilla and maxima)

Arius

bishop of alexandria, thought the father came before the sun

Council of nicea

makes the trinity Orthodox

St. Augustine of hippo

Author of confessions

City of god by St. Augustine of Hippo

dealt with Donitism, Trinity ,Evil ,Just War, Original sin, and Free will (Gods will=Good, Free will=Evil)

Ali

cousin and son in law of muhammad, last of the 4 rightly guided caliphs.

The twelve

the 12 Imams, ali is the first. The 12th is still in occultation and will return when islam has conquered the world.

dhimmi

Non-Muslim under Islamic rule; protected and restricted

jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal/holy war

jizya

head tax/Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

kaaba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

naskh

the method of interpreting seemingly contradictory material within or between the Qur'an and the Sunnah

salaf

first three generations of Muslims/muhammad and his followers

sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

surah

A chapter of the Qur'an(koran, in mr hobbs writing)

ummah

The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries.

caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

catholic

universal

twelvers

Shi'ite sect that believes there are 12 Imams, and that the final one, the Mahdi, will come back

orthodox

in agreement with established or generally accepted beliefs or ways of doing things

heresy

an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred

shira/does hobbs mean sharia??

20% of the muslim community

hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

germanii

a goth tribe on the danube

5 pillars of islam

belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali