Sociology gender inequalities paper 2

equal opportunities report

horizontal segregation - where men and women tend to be in different occupations e.g. men in roofing and driving and women in services and hospitality

vertical segregation: men dominate the higher levels of occupation

glass ceiling: where promotion appears possible but restrictions from discrimination creates barriers to prevent promotion

Barron and Norris

primary labour market - well paid, secure job

secondary labour market - poorly paid, not secure job

• women tend to be in the secondary labour market and is difficult to get into primary

  • the equal opportunity report stated in would take 200 years for women to be represented in the houses of parliament and 50 years before half of the top directors are women

Cambell

there has been a decline in the manufacturing sector and rise in service industries. this has resulted in a fall in unskilled / semi-skilled jobs and a rise in working class unemployment

these changes have been unsettling for men who used to show their masculinity through physical labour.

therefore, men are disadvantaged in the labour market that has undermined their traditional masculine identities

Mac and ghail

• there has been a modern feminisation of the labour market as now jobs associated with male characteristics e.g. primary and physical labour

• this has created insecurity for males, and is described as a crisis of masculinity

• therefore, men are disadvantaged because of changes in the labour market which have undermined traditional masculine identities.

Youth Cohort Studies

females outperform male counteparts at every step of education: KS2, GCSE, A levels and uni

in 2006: there was a 9.6% gender difference

on average, men are 4.5 months behind females in education

Becky Francis

• Boys tend to be disciplined more harshly than girls

• girls fit the role of ideal students

• hegmonic masculinity promotes bad male education

  • boys no lonber believe they are more able than girls in schools

Michelle Stanworth

women are disadvantages in education:

• teachers find it difficult to remember girls in classes

• teachers have stereotypical views of female students

• pupils felt boys had more attention

  • boys a more likely to join discussions

Lobban

there is a bias against girls in books in schools

• over half of stories do not have female heores

• they also found there has been very little change in the books views overtime.