possible test questions 1

Hypertension

Blood pressure over 130/80, often no symptoms

Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure plus kidney disease, obstructed renal arteries, or Cushing's syndrome

Hypotension

Blood pressure below 90/60

Orthostatic Hypotension

Temporary drop in BP because blood pools in the legs and sympathetic responses are too slow.

Chronic Hypotension

Constant low blood pressure with Addison's disease, hypothyroidism, or malnutrition

Hypovolemic Shock

Severe blood loss after an accident, gunshot, stab wound, or burn; rapid heart rate with a weak pulse

Anaphylactic Shock

Massive histamine release causes extreme vasodilation.

Neurogenic Shock

Failure of autonomic nervous system regulation.

Septic Shock

Caused by bacterial toxins in circulation.

Cardiogenic Shock

Due to myocardial damage or heart failure.

net filtration pressure

NFP=(HP-IFP)-(COP-IFP)

three levels of blood vessel structure and what tissues they contain

Tunica intima- endothelium made of simple squamous cells and basement membrane made of loose connective tissue.

Tunica Media-smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

tunica externa-Composed of a network of collagen fibers.

Elastic arteries

Examples: Aorta and major branches

Contain large amounts of elastin to withstand high systolic pressure.

Also called conducting arteries because they carry blood away from the heart.

Blood flows almost continuously through them.

Muscular (distributing) arteries

Contain more smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle performs vasoconstriction.

Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Can decrease blood flow to certain organs when needed.

Arterioles

Smallest arteries.

Diameter ranges from 0.3 mm to 10 μm.

Small arterioles leading into capillary beds consist mainly of smooth muscle surrounding the endothelium.

Major site of resistance.

Continuous capillaries

Least permeable.

Most numerous.

Found in:

Skin

Muscles

Lungs

CNS

Fluids leave by pinocytosis.

Brain capillaries contain tight junctions.

Fenestrated capillaries

Found in:

Kidneys

Small intestine

Endocrine organs

Have fenestrations (pores).

Pores are covered with a thin layer of glycoproteins.

Allow diffusion.

Sinusoidal capillaries

Found in:

Liver

Bone marrow

Spleen

Adrenal glands

Have incomplete basement membranes.

Endothelial cells are widely spaced.

Allow very large molecules to pass.

What plasma protein most influences osmotic pressure?

Albumin

Venule

Diameter: 8–100 μm

Postcapillary venules contain:

Squamous cells

Pericytes

Very porous.

Allow movement of blood and fluids back into circulation.

True vein

Has all three tunics.

Contains little smooth muscle and elastin.

Contains one-way valves that prevent backflow.

Leaking valves produce varicose veins.

Anastomosis

An interconnection between blood vessels.

Arterial anastomoses provide collateral circulation.

Venous anastomoses are even more common.

What causes total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

calculate total peripheral resistance?

Resistance = 1/r⁴

Can you calculate MAP?

MAP = Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure ÷ 3)

What helps blood return to the heart?

skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic innervation

What neural mechanisms aid in blood pressure control?

Cardiovascular center,vasomotor center, vasomotor fibers, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, higher brain centers

What short-term hormones regulate blood pressure?

Norepinephrine, angiotensin II, ADH, aldosterone, ANP

Which condition is a sign of Cushing's disease?

Secondary hypertension

Place the events of long-term blood pressure regulation in order.

MAP falls.

Baroreceptors are inhibited.

Sympathetic activity increases.

Kidneys release renin.

Renin converts angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I.

ACE converts Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II:

Increases TPR.

Increases thirst.

Releases ADH.

Releases aldosterone.

Sodium retention increases.

Water reabsorption increases.

Blood volume increases.

MAP increases

Which condition is a possible sign of Addison's disease?

Chronic hypotension

What are the intrinsic controls involved in blood flow regulation?

Uses paracrine signals.

Regulates vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

Can you calculate net filtration pressure (NFP)?

NFP = (HP − IFP) − (COP − IFP)