Pe gcse paper 2 edexel

Benefits of physical activity

Reduces the risk of: heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer

How does exercise benefit emotional health

-REDUCES STRESS AND TENSION
-Releases feel good hormones eg serotonin

How does exercise benefit social health?

-life skills by encouraging cooperation, communication and teamwork
- Opportunities to socialise and meet new people

Define fitness

The ability to meet the demands of the environment

Effects of drinking too much alcohol

Can cause liver disease, affect brain function and it can damage the nerve cells in the brain, heart disease

Effects of smoking

Lung disease, high blood pressure, lung cancer, stomach ulcers, birth defects, respiratory infections, and death, bronchitis

What substance is in cigarettes

nicotine

effects of living a sedentary lifestyle on physical health

Lead to cancer.
Cause heart disease/heart attacks.
Increase blood pressure.
Lead to diabetes.
Cause high cholesterol levels due to low level of exercise
Lead to an injury.
obesity

effects of living a sedentary lifestyle on mental

Lead to depression.
Cause a loss of confidence.
Make a person feel worthless and like they can't contribute to society.

effects of living a sedentary lifestyle on social

Lead to someone not wanting to socialise.
Make a person feel as though they can't leave their home.
Make a person feel self-conscious about how they look. This can make them feel uncomfortable in social situations.

What is overfat

Being overfat means having more body fat than is healthy.

What is overweight?

Being overweight means weighing more than is normal or healthy.

What is obese

having much more body fat than is healthy and weighing much more than is normal or healthy.

What are the effects of obesity in sport

-Limits cardiovascular endurance
-Limits speed and power since their abilty to move/ react quickly enough is reduced, as well as the amount of force produced.
-Limits flexibilty

what are the 7 key nutrients

Carbohydrates.
Fat.
Protein.
Fibre.
Vitamins.
Minerals.
Water.

What are the proportions of carbs fats and proteins?

Carbohydrates = 55-60% of a person's diet.
Fat = 25-30% of a person's diet.
Protein = 15-20% of a person's diet.

Why are fibres important?

aid digestion, prevents constipation and reduces cholestrol

Why are minerals important for sport? give eg

Calcium is required to keep bones strong/increase bone density which will help prevent fractures during play.
Zinc promotes healing and cell growth/improved immune system so athlete remains healthy/fight off sickness

What are macronutrients?

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Why are carbs important?

main energy source for organisms ,

What are two forms of carbs

Simple :provide short burst of energy
Complex: provide a slow release of energy for long distance

Why are fats important?

when carbohydrates are scarce, fats can be used for energy; however, if there is no food shortage, stored fat accumulates.

What are the two forms of fat

saturated and unsaturated

what health problems could occur if an excessive amount of fat is consumed

Heart disease.
High levels of cholesterol.
Narrowing of the blood vessels (reduced blood flow).

Why are proteins important?

growth and repair of the body's tissues.

What are micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

consequences of dehydration

-Thickening of the blood (viscous), reduces blood flow
-longer reaction time
-fatigue

factors that effect optimum weight

Sex
Muscle girth
Height
Bone structure(denser bone= higher op weight)

What is carbohydrate loading?

the practice of greatly increasing carbohydrate intake and decreasing exercise on the days immediately before a competition

What is a negative energy balance

energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss

What is a positive energy balance

energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain

What is a neutral energy balance

energy in = energy out

When should power athletes consume protein

Since protein is not easily stored by the body they need to eat protein within 2hrs after their exercise so their muscles can repair and recover

What are basic skills

not many decisions need to be made, they are usually carried out by a beginner and they are easy to learn.

Give an example of a basic skill

Walking, jumping, jogging, throwing

What are complex skills

need a high level of decision making and concentration. They are usually carried out by experienced performers and they can take a long time to learn.

Give an example of a complex skill

Pole vault, long jump, triple jump, tennis serve

WHat are open skills

the way the skill is performed is affected by the environment you are in (positioning of the opposition, the weather or the terrain (type of ground)).

Give an example of a open skill

a pass in football

WHAT ARE closed skills

the way the skill is performed is not affected by the environment you are in (i.e there is no impact from the opposition, the weather or the terrain etc).

Give an example of a closed skill

Gymnastics routine, tennsi serve

What is a low organisation skill?

Low organisation skills can easily be broken down into component parts which can be practiced on their own.

EG of a low org skill

front crawl

WHat are high org skills

can't easily be broken down into different parts because all the parts must be practiced together at the same time.

eg of a high org skill

cartwheel

What is fixed practice?

Fixed practice is practicing a skill again and again in the same situation or environment.

Which type of skill is fixed practice mainly tailored to

closed skills

what is variable practice

practicing a skill in multiple different situations or environments.

Which type of skill is variable practice mainly tailored to

open skills eg passing

what is massed practice

practicing a skill again and again without breaks in between.

Which type of skill is massed practice mainly tailored to

basic skills eg jumping

what is distributed practice

taking break between practicing a skill.

what can the breaks in distributed practice be used for?

feedback from coach or mental prep

Which type of skill is distributed practice mainly tailored to

complex skills eg bowling in cricket

What does SMART stand for?

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound

What is verbal guidance

involves a coach or teacher telling a performer what they are doing well and badly or how to perform a skill

What are the advantages of verbal guidance ?

Helpful for elite performers, useful for sharing basic information, good way oh highlighting key teaching points, questioning can make a performer think

What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?

Can result in information overload, can be boring, sports areas can be noisy, complex things can be difficult to explain

What are examples of verbal guidance ?

Football coach shouting instructions during a game

what is mechanical guidance

Mechanical guidance involves using mechanical aids to help a performer.

What are the advantages or mechanical guidance ?

Good for potentially dangerous skills, allows performer to develop a kinaesthetic feel for the skill, good for building confidence

What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance ?

Equipment can be expensive, performer may start to become reliant on the equipment

What are examples of mechanical guidance ?

Harness for figure skating (a 360 twist jump), floats for swimming

what is manual guidance

involves physically moving the performer.

What are the advantages of manual guidance?

Good for complete beginners, allows some development (kinaesthetic) for the correct feel

What are the disadvantages of manual guidance?

Movement can feel different when someone else is moving your body for you, performer may not think they are performing the movement themselves

What are examples of manual guidance?

Gymnastics coach moving gymnast body into the correct position (during a somersault)

what is visual guidance

Visual guidance is when the performer can see something.

What are the advantages of visual guidance ?

Good for beginners or elite performers, performers can copy what they’ve seen, specific aspects of whole skill can be observed, allowed performers to see what is required

What are the disadvantages of visual guidance ?

Demonstration or image must be of good quality (to replicate right technique otherwise risk of injury), some skills are too complex to demonstrate, not effective if the performer is not paying attention

What are examples of visual guidance ?

Video analysis of elite performer, picture, diagram, poster

which type of visual guidance is most beneficial for beginners

demonstrations

which type of visual guidance is most beneficial for elite

videos of themselves to analyze

what is intrinsic feedback

intrinsic feedback comes from within a performer themselves,

what is the process of feeling called

kinesthesis

what is extrinsic feedback

Feedback from an external source

what is terminal feedback

feedback given after performance

what is concurrent feedback

feedback given during performance

is concurrent feedback usually intrinsic or extrinsic

intrinsic

is terminal feedback usually ex or in

extrinsic

What is a steroetype?

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

what are the impacts of stereotyping against women and how that can affect their participation rates

-Some people hold outdated views that a woman's role is to be the carer of the family. Women exposed to these people may not have the same opportunity or time to play sport as men.
-Because women tend to have physically different builds (bodies) to men, some people may think that women lack the strength and endurance needed to play the same sports as men, therefore this would discourage them.

How is there development differences between women and men in sport? Name 2

facilities for women have developed more slowly
less media coverage for women so less role model for young people

How does a person's socio economic impact their participation.

-If an individual doesn't have much disposable income (they have less money to spend), they may not be able to afford the equipment and the travel costs to participate in some sports.

give 2 sport that is expensive and less accessible for people in ethnic minority groups

polo rowing golf

how does a person's ethnicity affect their participation

they may experience discrimination and prejudice which would mean they may not want to return to playing sport.

give 2 ways we can include disabled people in sport.

integration - disabled and non disabled compete against each other.
adapted sports- sports that have been changed so that people with a physical disability can perform alongside individuals who don't have a physical disability

What is sportsmanship?

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.

What is deviance?

Deviance is behaviour that breaks the rules, laws or moral values of a sport.

What is gamesmanship?

Bending the rules to get an advantage, without breaking them.

What is etiquette?

Unwritten rules about how players should behave.

what is commercialisation

Commercialisation involves managing or running something for financial gain

What is the advantage of commercialisation for sponsors

-increase publicity as well as an increase in sales

give a disadvantage of commercialisation for the sponsor and give an eg

-If anything negative happens and the team/performer is viewed in a bad light, the sponsor will also be associated with this.
Nike sponsored Lance Armstrong before his doping scandal was discovered.

what are the advantages of commercialisation for the performer

-they can earn higher wages and free equipment through sponsors

what are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the performer(3)

- less free time and privacy
-increase in scrutiny through the media
-overworking players as there are more comps

what are the advantages of commercialisation for the sport

-Sport can be made of higher quality as teams have more money to spend on better players.
-This can help to develop better sports' facilities.

what are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the sport

-sponsors have more power for eg they help decide what is shown on tv eg logos of their products

what are the advantages of commercialisation for the spectators

-more money for clubs could mean teams can buy better players and so they can watch higher quality matches
-clubs can invest in new stadiums and faculties which makes better viewing for fans
-more merchandise for fans
-increases their participation in that sport as they can connect to role models

what are the disadvantages of commercialisation for the spectators

-lack of atmosphere - The problem with viewing sport at home is that it takes away the atmosphere at the ground or stadium.