A&P CH24 Nutrition

What is a Calorie?

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1℃.

What is a Kilocalorie (kcal)?

A unit for measuring food quantities, often used to represent caloric intake.

What constitutes a positive energy balance?

Calories in are greater than calories out, leading to weight gain.

What constitutes a negative energy balance?

Calories in are less than calories out, leading to weight loss.

What factors influence total caloric intake?

Gender, age, body frame size, weight, percentage of body fat, and physical activity level.

How do calories function in nutrition?

Calories are the fuel needed for work and play; they measure the energy provided by carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.

What are the six types of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

How many calories do carbohydrates provide per gram?

Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.

How many calories do fats provide per gram?

Fats provide 9 calories per gram.

How many calories do proteins provide per gram?

Proteins provide 4 calories per gram.

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals that provide no energy but are essential for health.

What are empty calories?

Calories from solid fats and added sugars that provide few or no micronutrients.

What is the recommended daily fiber intake?

25 to 30 grams for health benefits.

Why do nutrition experts recommend fiber-rich foods?

They reduce the risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and promote healthy body weight.

What are the three types of fats classified by their effect on cholesterol?

Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fats.

What are trans fats?

Fats found in baked and fried foods that are harmful to health.

What is the all-or-none rule in protein synthesis?

All amino acids must be present for protein synthesis; otherwise, they are used for energy.

What is nitrogen balance?

The comparison of nitrogen consumed to nitrogen excreted in the body.

What is positive nitrogen balance?

More nitrogen is consumed than excreted, typically occurring in growing children and pregnant women.

What is negative nitrogen balance?

More nitrogen is excreted than consumed, indicating breakdown of body proteins.

What are the main fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

What are water-soluble vitamins?

B complex and C vitamins that are absorbed with water and not stored in the body.

What role do antioxidants play in nutrition?

They neutralize free radicals that can cause cellular damage during metabolism.

How much protein should adults consume daily?

0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

What are non-essential amino acids?

Amino acids that the body can synthesize on its own.

What food sources provide protein in a vegetarian diet?

Legumes are a rich source of protein in vegetarian diets.

Why are minerals important for the body?

They work with nutrients for proper body functioning and include essential roles in bone health and oxygen transport.

What is the primary fuel source for our cells?

Carbohydrates, particularly glucose.

What is the average caloric yield of carbohydrates?

4 calories per gram.

How do triglycerides function in the body?

They serve as major energy storage and are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

It stabilizes cell membranes and is a precursor for bile salts and steroid hormones.