UNIT 5 / 6 : REVOLUTIONS + CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging the Catholic Church; split Christianity to Catholic + Protestant, weaken authority

Martin Luther

German monk that started the Protestant Reformation by posting the 95 Theses; criticized church corruption

Printing press (p.298)

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed production of books; spread ideas of Reformation across Europe

Thirty Year’s War

Brutal religious conflict across Central Europe; devastate Germany + new sovereignty ideas

Peace of Westphalia (p.298)

Treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War; recognize national sovereignty, reshape European political boundaries

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church response to Protestant Reformation; promote Catholicism + corrupt practices

Society of Jesus or ‘Jesuits’ (p.298 & 305)

Catholic religious order founded to go against Protestantism + spread Catholicism; education, missionary work, strengthen Catholicism

Extirpation (p.299)

Spanish campaigns to get rid of Indigenous religious practices in America; forced Christianization

Taki Onqoy

Andean religious revival movement going against Spanish colonialism; Indigenous resistance

Importance of ‘saint’ (p.304)

Saints connected Catholicism + Indigenous beliefs; help Christianity spread

Cofradias (p.304)

Religious brotherhoods in colonial Latin America; organize festivals, manage local churches, Indigenous traditions

Mateo Ricci (p.305)

Jesuit missionary (China) that used Confucian ideals to convert Chinese to Christianity; Europe / Asia

Wahhabism

Islamic reforms in Arabia, rejecting Sufism + non-Islam; influences strict forms of Islam

Neo-Confucianism (p.309)

Revival of Confucain think + Buddhism + Daoism; dominate education + gov

Bhakti Movement (p.311)

Hindu movement supporting love and devotion to personal god; challenge caste

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion found in Punjab by Guru Nanak; Hindu + Islam, equality

Scientific Revolution

Shift in observation + understanding of the world; modern science + religious views

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory; start Scientific Revolution by challenge church

Galileo

Use telescope to prove heliocentric theory; science over church

Sir Isaac Newton

Develop motion + gravity laws; Scientific Revolution

European Enlightenment

Reform society + government; inspire revolutions

John Locke (p. 319)

Philosopher that said government should protect natural rights; influence Revolutions

Voltaire

French writer supported free speech + religious tolerance; criticize monarchy + church power

Mary Wollstonecraft (p.321)

Early feminist who argued for women’s education + equality; women’s rights

Charles Darwin (p.323)

Made theory of evolution of natural selection; challenge traditional religious views

Karl Marx (p.323-32)

Co-write The Communist Manifesto

American Revolution

Colonial Revolt against British rule in America; make US

Declaration of Independence

1776 document declaring American independence from Britain; natural rights, sovereignty

French Revolution

Uprising against social inequality in France; liberty, equality

Ancien Regime (p.353)

Political + social system of France before Revolution; inequality, inspire Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

1789 French document saying people rights and freedoms; challenge social hierarchy

Louis XVI

King of France during French Revolution; executed, downfall of monarchy

Maximilien Robespierre

French revolutionary leader; led during Reign of Terror executing thousands of enemies

Committee of Public Safety

Group defending the Revolution led by Robespierre; oversee Reign of Terror, suppress opposition

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions in France; Robespierre’s death.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader that became emperor after revolution; spread Revolution ideas, make dictatorship

Haitian Revolution

Slave-led revolt in French colony; first successful slave revolt, make Haiti

Toussaint Louverture (p.358)

Leader of the Haitian Revolution; help Haitian Independence

Latin American Revolutions

Revolts against colonial Spanish and Portuguese rule

Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion

Mexican independence movement by priests (Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Morelos); Indigenous independence

Tupac Amaru

Indigenous leader of Andean uprising against Spanish rule; resistance

Simon Bolivar

Lead Revolutions in South America; helped free countries from Spanish rule

Great Jamaica Revolt

Slave rebellion in Jamaica; help Britain get rid of slavery

Abolitionist movement

Europe and American campaigns to end slavery; slavery gone in many country

Abolition of slavery (pp.364-365)

Legal ending of slavery worldwide; social transformation

Nationalism

Loyalty to shared nation based on culture language, history; shape states, revolutions, wars, independence

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American women’s rights movement advocate; women’s rights

Maternal feminism

Women’s role as mothers justified their role in politics and society; argument for women’s rights

Industrialization

Shift to mass production; change economies, society, environment

Steam Engine

(James Watt) power factories, trains, ships

British Textile Industry

First industry to industrialize; factory system

Bourgeoisie

Middle class; gain wealth + power, clash with working class

Proletariat (laboring Classes, p.398-399)

Working class; poor conditions, Marxist theory

Cult of Domesticity

Belief women should stay at home and raise moral families; reinforce gender roles

Crimean War (p. 411)

Russia + West war; Russia weaken, reforms

Soviets (p.412)

Workers council formed during Russian revolutions; powerful political forces

Russian Revolution 1905

Uprising after defeat in Russo-Japanese War, want reforms; creation of Duma

Duma (p.412)

Russia parliament made after 1905 revolution; tsar control

Valdimir Lenin (p.413)

Lead Bolsheviks, Russian Revolution; found Soviet, start communist rule

Caudillos

Military / political strongmen in post-independence Latin America; keep power through force

Haciendas (p. 415)

Large estates in Latin America; elite wealth, peasant poverty

Latin American export boom

Rapid growth selling sugar, silver, copper; benefit elites

Mexican Revolution

Armed struggle against inequality + dictatorship; reforms

Scientific Racism (Social Darwinism)

Belief certain races were naturally superior; colonialism, slavery, segregation

Civilizing Mission

Europeans had a duty to “civilize” non-Europeans; imperialism

Scramble for Africa

Rapid European colonization of Africa; no native regard

Berlin Conference (p.443 - green box on right)

European nations met up to set rules for African colonization; prevent conflict, ignore Native Africans

Indian Rebellion of 1857-58

Uprising of Indian soldiers + civilians against British; Britain control India

Congo Free State

African colony ruled by King Leopold II; brutal exploitation (African labor) for rubber + ivory

Cultivation system

Dutch policy in Indonesia where peasants had to grow cash crops for export; Netherlands profit, burden + famine

Cash-crop production

Farming focused on growing crops for sale; colony to global market + poverty

Wage labor (p.453-454)

People work for money over themself; colonial economy, harsh conditions

Taiping Rebellion (Uprising)

Massive civil war in China against the Qing dynasty; weaken Qing

Opium Wars

Two Britain + China wars over opium trade; China loss

Unequal Treaties

Treaties China force to sign after Opium wars: damage sovereignty

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing dynasty modernize military + economy using West tech; internal decline

Boxer Rebellion (Uprising)

Anti-foreign, anti-Christan uprising led by “Boxers” in China; weaken Qing

Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912

Overthrew Qing + end Imperial rule; creation of Republic of China

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman modernization reform in law, education, military; resistance

Young Ottomans

Reformers that wanted to modernize Ottoman Empire + preserve Islam; constitution

Young Turks

Secular nationalist reform group that overthrew the sultan; modernize empire, suppress minorities + Islam

Abd al-Hamid II

Ottoman sultan who first allowed reforms, then turn to autocrat; increase censorship + centralization

Tokugawa Japan

Isolated feudal regime ruling Japan; strict social order, isolation from West

Meiji Restoration (pp.501-502)

Reforms that restored Imperial rule + modernize Japan; industrial + military

Russo-Japanese War (1904-190)

Japan + Russia War over imperial East Asia interests; first Asian power to defeat European one