APUSH Period 4

Judiciary Act of 1801

Law passed by Federalists to create new federal judgeships; allowed Adams to appoint Federalist 'midnight judges.'

Midnight judges

Judges appointed at the last moment by John Adams to maintain Federalist influence in the judiciary.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional

War with Tripoli

Naval war (1801-1805) between the U.S. and Tripoli over tribute demands; showed U.S. willingness to use force abroad.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt (1791-1804) in the French colony of Saint-Domingue; weakened France's New World ambitions and led to the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. bought Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling its size and securing the Mississippi River.

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Leaders of the Corps of Discovery expedition (1804-1806) to explore and map the Louisiana Territory.

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman who served as a guide and translator for the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Impressment

British practice of seizing American sailors and forcing them into the Royal Navy; a cause of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson's ban on all U.S. exports to pressure Britain and France; hurt American trade and was unpopular.

War Hawks

Young, nationalistic Democratic-Republicans who pushed for war with Britain (e.g., Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun).

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who formed a Native confederation to resist U.S. expansion; allied with Britain in War of 1812.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces under William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's confederacy; increased tensions with Britain.

War of 1812

War between U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and frontier conflicts; increased U.S. nationalism.

"Old Ironsides"

Nickname for the USS Constitution, famed for victories against Britain during the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson after the peace treaty; boosted national pride.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries but didn't address impressment.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

U.S.-Britain agreement to limit naval forces on the Great Lakes; improved relations.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff; aimed to shield American industry from British goods.

Clay's American System

Henry Clay's plan for national growth: protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

"Loose Construction"

Broad interpretation of the Constitution allowing implied powers (Hamilton).

Strict Construction

Narrow reading of the Constitution; federal government limited to explicit powers (Jefferson).

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

Period of one-party rule and national unity under Monroe.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Est Congress's implied powers and the supremacy of federal law over state law; ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause

Panic of 1819

First major U.S. economic depression; caused by overspeculation and bank policies.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Proposal to gradually ban slavery in Missouri; sparked sectional conflict.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as slave and Maine as free; banned slavery north of 36°30'.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)

Spain sold Florida to the U.S for $5 mil; established the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase; recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization.

McCormick reaper

Mechanical grain harvester that boosted agricultural productivity in the Midwest.

Lowell system

Textile factory system that employed young women in New England with boardinghouses.

Market revolution

The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

Transformed the nation from a primarily agrarian, subsistence-based economy to one driven by a national market

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans; opposed Catholics and new immigrants.

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist political party of the 1850s; opposed immigration and Catholic influence.

Cotton gin (1793)

Invented by Eli Whitney; revolutionized cotton production and expanded slavery.

Cumberland Road

First federally funded highway; linked the East to the frontier.

Erie Canal (1825)

Linked Great Lakes to the Hudson River; boosted trade and New York City's growth.

Clipper ships

Fast 1840s sailing ships that increased global trade speed.

The Alamo (1836)

Battle in the Texas Revolution; Texan defenders were defeated by Mexican forces.

Common man

Political ideal celebrating the ordinary white male; central to Jacksonian democracy.

Nullification

Idea that states can reject federal laws they deem unconstitutional, led to nullification crisis when SC nullified the tariff of abominations (Calhoun, SC).

Spoils system

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs (Jackson).

Anti-Masonic Party

First third party; opposed Freemasonry and promoted moral reforms.

Twelfth Amendment (1804)

Required separate electoral votes for president and vice president.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

Alleged deal between Adams and Clay to secure Adams's presidency.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

High protective tariff benefiting the north but hated in the South; led to nullification crisis.

Tariff of 1832

Lowered tariffs slightly but not enough to satisfy the South.

Tariff of 1833

Compromise tariff proposed by Clay; gradually lowered rates, ending the nullification crisis.

Seminole Wars

Conflicts in Florida between the U.S. and Seminole Indians resisting removal.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized removal of Native tribes to lands west of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokee and other tribes; thousands died.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by bank failures, Jackson's policies, and speculation.

Force Bill (1833)

Authorized the president to use military force to enforce federal tariffs.

Bank of the United States (re-chartering of)

Jackson vetoed re-charter, leading to the Bank War and increased state banks.

Kitchen cabinet

Jackson's informal group of advisors outside the official Cabinet.

Second Great Awakening

Protestant religious revival movement in the early 1800s that emphasized free will, led to social reforms.

American Temperance Society (1826)

Organization promoting abstinence from alcohol.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention; issued the Declaration of Sentiments, a document declaring that men and women are created equal and demanding equal rights for women

Shakers

Religious group known for celibacy, communal living, and simple craftsmanship.

Hudson River School

Art movement focused on romantic landscapes and nature's beauty.

Romanticism

Artistic/intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement promoting individual intuition, self-reliance, and spiritual truth (Emerson, Thoreau).

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).

Brigham Young

Mormon leader who led the migration to Utah.

Horace Mann

Education reformer who advocated for public schools and teacher training.

Noah Webster

Lexicographer whose dictionary standardized American English.

Horace Greeley

Newspaper editor and reformer; promoted antislavery and westward expansion.

Dorothea Dix

Advocate for mental health reform and improved asylums.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker abolitionist and women's rights activist; helped organize Seneca Falls.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leading women's rights advocate; co-organized Seneca Falls and co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights leader; campaigned for suffrage and equal rights.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Slave uprising in Virginia, where they killed ~55 white people; led to harsher slave laws.

The Amistad (1839)

Slave revolt on Spanish slave ship; captives won freedom in Supreme Court case.

American Colonization Society

Group promoting relocation of freed blacks to Africa (founded Liberia).

The Liberator

Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist group led by Garrison; advocated immediate emancipation.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Influential 1845 autobiography exposing the brutality of slavery.

Mason-Dixon Line

Boundary between free and slave states before the Civil War.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist; publisher of The Liberator.

Sojourner Truth

Former slave and abolitionist who advocated for women's rights.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave, powerful orator, abolitionist leader, and author.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Abolitionist newspaper editor killed by a mob; became martyr for free press.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin; helped galvanize antislavery sentiment.