Unit 1 and 2 Objectives Chemistry

Mr Hodge

What is matter and how can it be classified?

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be classified into different states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

A physical change alters the form of a substance but not its chemical composition, while a chemical change results in the formation of new substances.

How do you convert numbers to scientific notation?

To convert to scientific notation, express the number as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of ten.

How can you calculate sums, differences, products, and dividends using scientific notation?

Align the powers of ten, perform the arithmetic on the coefficients, and adjust the result back into scientific notation if necessary.

What are significant figures and how do you identify them in a measurement?

Significant figures are the digits in a measurement that carry meaning contributing to its precision. Non-zero digits, zeros between significant digits, and trailing zeros in a decimal are counted.

How do you round numbers to significant figures?

Round the number to the nearest value that has the desired number of significant figures, following standard rounding rules.

What are SI units and derived units, and why is a liter considered a derived unit?

SI units are the standard units of measurement in the International System of Units. A liter is a derived unit because it is defined as a cubic decimeter (1 dm³).

What are the five SI base units commonly used in chemistry?

The five SI base units are meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), mole (amount of substance), and Kelvin (temperature).

How do you convert between metric prefixes such as kilo, centi, milli, micro, and nano?

To convert between prefixes, multiply or divide by powers of ten corresponding to the difference in prefix values.

How do you convert between Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales?

To convert Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.15; to convert Kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273.15.

What is the formula for calculating density, mass, or volume?

The formula is d = m/v, where d is density, m is mass, and v is volume.

What are the four ideas of Dalton's atomic theory?

1) All matter is composed of atoms. 2) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of different atoms. 4) A chemical reaction involves a rearrangement of atoms.

What are the major subatomic particles and their characteristics?

Protons (positive charge, located in the nucleus), neutrons (no charge, located in the nucleus), and electrons (negative charge, located in electron clouds around the nucleus).

What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?

Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, while mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.

How do you determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an element?

The number of protons is equal to the atomic number. The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom.

What is an isotope?

An isotope is a variant of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element?

Atomic mass is calculated by taking the weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element based on their relative abundances.

What are the types of nuclear radiation?

The types of nuclear radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.

What is the difference between fission and fusion?

Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy, while fusion is the combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing energy.