Year 10 Physical Science - Term 1

What is matter?

The 'stuff' of the universe - anything that has mass and volume.

What is a chemical property?

A characteristic or behaviour of a substance that may be observed when it undergoes a chemical change or reaction.

What is a physical change?

A reversible change that forms no new substances.

What is a chemical change?

An irreversible change where bonds are broken/formed and new substances are created.

What are the before and after products known as in a chemical reaction?

The before-products are known as reactants, and the after-products are known as the products.

What are elements, molecules, compounds and mixtures?

Elements are atoms of the same kind, e.g Au. Molecules are two or more atoms that are chemically bonded, e.g O2. Compounds are two or more different atoms bonded together, e.g H2O. Mixtures are two or more elements that aren't bonded together. e.g. Curry

What are the differences between compounds and molecules?

A molecule can be of an element (two or more atoms joined together, but of the same kind, e.g. O2) or of a compound (two or more atoms joined together but of a different kind, e.g. H2O)

What is a Heterogenous mixture?

A mixture that is not evenly mixed, e.g. Curry

What is a Homogenous mixture?

A mixture that is evenly mixed, where each part would have the same contents, e.g. sugar water

What is an Exothermic Reaction?

When energy is released from a substance, making the substance colder and the surroundings warmer. e.g. Freezing, condensation

What is an Endothermic Reaction?

When energy is absorbed into the substance, making the substance warmer, and the surroundings colder. e.g. melting, evaporation.

What is the particle theory and what does it consist of?

The particle theory explains how matter behaves and also why different matter has different properties. It states that matter consists of small particles in a constant state of motion. It also states that the movement of particles is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles.

What are the properties of solids?

Rigid, fixed shape and volume, particles can only vibrate

What are the properties of a liquid?

Not rigid or fixed shape, fixed volume, particles can vibrate and rotate

What are the properties of gases?

Not rigid, fixed volume, or fixed shape, particles can vibrate, rotate and translate

What is an aqueous solution?

A term used to describe a solution that has been dissolved in water, e.g. salt water.

What are the properties of Alkali Metals?

Low melting and boiling points, very soft and shiny form +1e cations, react violently with water

What are the properties of Alkali Earth Metals?

shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive, form +2e cations

What are the properties of transition metals (groups 3-12)?

Are ductile and malleable, conduct electricity and heat, and have high melting and boiling points. Exist in multiple oxidation states (usually +2)

What are the properties of the other non-metal groups (groups 13-18)?

These groups include metalloids and non-metals, which have varied properties such as low density, low melting points, and poor conductivity. Elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and noble gases are included in these groups.

What are the properties of Halogens?

very reactive, highly toxic gases that form -1e anions. Diatonic - exist as two atoms

What are the properties of the Noble Gases?

Very unreactive, colorless, odorless gases that exist as monatomic molecules. They have full valence electron shells, which contributes to their stability.

What are Isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses

What are the maximum number of electrons in the first 4 shells?

2, 8, 8, 18

What are Ions?

Atoms that have a positive or negative charge due to a loss or gain of electrons. This occurs in chemical reactions in order to fill or empty valence shells.

What Ions do metals and non-metals form?

Metals typically form positive ions + (cations)

Non-metals typically form negative ions - (anions)

What holds atoms of opposite charges together?

Electrostatic attraction holds two atoms of opposite charge together.

What is an Ionic Compound?

Formed when a positive cation and negative anion bond together. The two atoms often share a valence electron

What are some properties of an Ionic Compound?

Form crystals or crystal lattices, have higher melting/boiling points, are hard but brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved in water

How do you name an Ionic Compound?

The cation name goes first, then the anion

Cation name remains the same

-ide suffix is added to the end of the anion e.g. oxygen = oxide

What are Covalent Compounds?

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

What are elements are covalent compounds formed between?

Covelant compounds form between two or more non-metal elements

How to name Covalent Compounds?

A prefix is used to indicate how many of the atom are present (e.g. mono). The second element takes the -ide suffix

What would P2O5 be named?

Diphosphorus Pentoxide

What are the properties of Covalent Compounds?

Low melting and boiling points, soft or brittle solid, poor conductivity

What are some ways to know a chemical reaction has taken place?

Gas formed, colour change, Solid Precipitates, Temperature change, change of smell

What is a combustion reaction?

a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.

What is the general formula for a combustion reaction?

Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

What is a combination reaction?

A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single new substance

What is the general formula for a combination reaction?

A + B → AB

What is a decomposition reaction?

A reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

What is the general formula for a decomposition reaction?

 AB → A + B

What is a displacement reaction?

A reaction in which the atom of the more reactive element displaces the less reactive element

What is the general formula for a single displacement reaction?

 A + BC → AC + B

What is a double displacement reaction?

A reaction in which two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds.

What do double displacement reactions typically form?

They typically form precipitates

What is the general formula for double displacement reactions?

AB + CD → AD + CB