PSYC 101 UNC Exam 1 Loeb

Wilhem Wundt

-First psychology laboratory

-"consciousness"

-reaction-time studies

-founder/father of psychology

Edward Titchener

-Structuralism: elements, introspection, periodic table

Williams James

-Principles of Psychology

-flow of consciousness

-Functionalist

Stanley Hall

-First laboratory in U.S.

-American Journal of Psychology

-Functionalist

Functionalism

-adaptiveness

-Darwin

Freud

Psychoanalysis: unconscious, coping with sexual urges

Behaviorism

overt behavior and environmental factors

John B. Watson

Behaviorism: give me infants, I'll train them to be whatever I want them to be

B.F. Skinner

-Behaviorism

-acknowledged biological factors and internal factors, but they are unnecessary to understand/control behavior

-free will as an illusion

-gets edge over psychoanalysis

Humanism

emphasize unique qualities of being human, especially freedom and potential for personal growth

Carl Rogers

Humanism

Abraham Maslow

Humanism

Cognitive Psychology

-Thinking

-New methods to study consciousness again

Clinical psychology

WWII increases need for clinicians to assess whether or not people are mentally healthy

Physiological/biological psychology

renewed interest in biological bases that underlie mental and overt behaviors

Positive psychology

studies good aspects of people.

Example- advantages of ADHD

Rationalism

talking all facts into consideration to make the best choice because it's logical

Empiricism

learning from first hand experience, using senses

Descriptive statistics

-central tendency (mean mode)

-dispersion of scores (standard deviation, variance)

-correlation

Correlation

-represented by "r"

-strength: 0 to 1

-r= .2 negligible

-r= .5 moderate

-r= .8 very strong

-r= 1 perfect relationship

Inferential statistics

-T- tests, Chi test, F-test, Multiple regression

-math calculation tells whether or not it is likely okay to generalize from sample results to population

Levels

number of ways variable is manipulated

Confounding variable

inconclusive study- not only influences results, but does so in a way that it makes results unclear

Extraneous variable

variables which may influence results, though you are not interested in its effects

Quasi-experiment

looks like experiment but the independent variable has not been manipulated by the experimenter

Glia

glue of the brain

Oligodendrocytes

CNS, one cells can create several segments of myelin sheath and cover more than one axon

Schwann cell

PNS, one cell creates only one segment of myelin sheath for only one axon

Astrocytes

Synchronizes communication between neurons, nurtures cells, and removes waste products

Microglia

Functions as part of immune system, removes waste products & invaders such as bacteria & viruses

Radial glia

Guide migration and growth of immature neurons

Dendrites

receive chemical signals

Soma

body of neuron that contains genetic material

Axon

where action potential travels down

Action potential

-neural signal that is electrical and chemical

-occurs in axons

-myelin sheath allows it to travel faster

-all or none

-threshold of excitation

-absolute refractory period

-relative refractory period

Exocytosis

Action potential triggers chemicals to be secreted outside of cell

Presynaptic neuron

neuron which releases ntm (sends the info)

Postsynaptic neuron

neuron which receives ntm

Binding site

where ntm matches receptor, causes either excitatory postsynaptic potential or inhibitory postsynaptic potential

ACh

-muscle contractions

-CNS arousal, attention, learning, better memory

Botulinum Toxin

-cholinergic anatagonist (blocks activity)

Curare

-cholinergic antagonist

-muscle relaxer

Atropa belladonna

-cholinergic antagonist

Black widow spider venom

-cholinergic agonist

-increase ntm activity

Nicotine

-cholinergic agonist

Dopamine

-aka DA

-aka Dopaminergic

-movement, addictions

Norepinephrine

-aka NE

-aka Noradrenergic

-mood, arousal

Epinephrine

-aka Epi

-aka Adrenergic

-cardiac contraction

Serotonin

-aka 5-HT

-aka Serotonergic

-sleep/arousal, mood, eating, aggression/impulsivity

CT scan

structural info, multiple x-rays

MRI

structural info, greatest resolution, large magnet, no radiation

PET scan

functional info, radioactive synthetic glucose, measuring blood flow

fMRI

structural and functional info, measuring blood flow and oxygen, not as good structural resolution as MRI

Hindbrain

-base of brain

-medulla

-pons

-cerebellum

-reticular formation

Midbrain

-visual information: superior colliculi

-auditory information: inferior colliculi

-DA neurons: substantia nigra

-reticular formation

Forebrain

-cerebral hemispheres

-corpus callosum

-thalamus

-hypothalamus

-limbic system

-cerebral cortex

Thalamus

sensory relay station because all sensory info goes here before going to primary cortices

Hypothalamus

Motivated behaviors, controls pituitary

Limbic system

processes emotional information

Cerebral cortex

-where higher mental functions are done

-4 lobes

Occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

Temporal lobe

houses primary auditory cortex, parietal lobe: houses primary somatosensory cortex

Frontal lobe

houses primary motor cortex

Sensation

actual physical properties you get

Perception

what we experience

Wavelength

distance between 1 peak and another (color)

ROYGBIV

red is longest wavelength, violet is shortest

Amplitude

height of wave, brightness

Purity

complexity of waveform, saturation (how vivid it looks)

Order in which light passes through eye

cornea, pupil/iris, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Cornea

refracts light

Pupil

focuses light, determines how light gets in

Iris

creates pupil

Lens

focuses light

Retina

layer of cells: ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptors

Order in while light goes through retina

ganglion cells amachrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells photoreceptors

Transduction

the process by which a stimulus is represented neural

Rods

-scoptopic

-perceive general info (not details)

-more numerous than cones

-more in periphery of the retina

-more thoroughly adapt to dark

cones

-photopic

-greater visual acuity

-less numerous than rods

-more in center of retina, only cones in fovea

-quickly adapts to dark but limited to how much it adapts

Information received by the halves of the retina closer to the nose

crosses to the other side of the brain to form the optic chiasm (contralateral connection)

Information received by the halves of the retina farthest from the nose

stays on the same side of the brain (ipsilateral connection)

simple cells

detects orientation of line and location of the line within its receptive field (or the portion of the visual field that this particular V1 simple neuron is "looking" at)

Complex cells

detects orientation of line, movement of line

hypercomplex cells

detects orientation of line, length of line

Bottom Up Processing

lines compiled so that visual association areas analyze more complex visual information

Top down processing

where information is taken as a whole

Trichromatic Theory

3 different types of cones, attuned to different wavelengths

Opponent Process Theory

neurons can give different messages depending on their rate of firing

sound

compression and decompression of molecules

wavelength (sound)

pitch

amplitude (sound)

one of the factors involved with loudness

purity (sound)

timbre (quality of sound)

Order in which sound passes through ear

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Frequency theory

neurons at end of basilar membrane fire in sync with waveform, how frequently these neurons fire tells brain the frequency of the waveform

Place theory

different waveforms stimulate different areas of the basilar membrane

C fibers

slow pathway, dull aching pain

A-delta fibers

fast pathway, sharp pain

CNS trigger

don't notice injury until after game, distracted from pain so don't feel it

PNS trigger

Rubbing area around pain, stimulating other receptors can close spinal gate