chapter 31 communities and eco

Community

Group of populations of many species that interact with one another in a single environment

Example fallen log

Ecosystem

Species interacting with each other and the physical environment changes like temp and rain

What are the difference between living things in a coniferous forest and tropical rainforest?

Coniferous like Canda has cold climate pine trees moose less plant variety

Tropical rainforest like the Amazon warm and wet variety of trees

Species composition

List of who lives in a community who is there

Species richness

Number of different species it counts how many more species=higher richness

Diversity

Includes both species richness and species distribution

Why is diversity important

Stability and resilience against stress like natural disasters and diseases

Ecological succession

The orderly process of community change

Why do communities change over time

Because of natural disasters and human activities

What model have ecologist developed to show how succession occurs and predict patterns of succession

Climax-pattern model

Two types of succession

Primary and secondary

Primary succession

Begins where there is no soil

Ex: lava rock and glacial scrapping

Secondary succession

Begins where there is already soil

Ex: cultivated field that is no longer farmed

Opportunistic/pioneer species

First species to appear

Competition (- -)

Abundance of both species decreases

Predation + -

Predator increases and prey decreases

Parasitism + -

Parasite increases and host decreases

Commensalism + 0

One species increases other is not affected

Mutualism + +

Both species increases

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship where both benefit

Ecological niche

Niche defines what an organism does where it lives and how it interacts

Includes living and non living resources

Habitat

Specific area of community where organisms live and survive to reproduce

Keystone species

Majority of community depends on them to stabilize community

Maintain community characteristic

Integral holding web of interactions

Native species

Species indigenous to an area they have evolved to fit that community

Exotic/invasive

Non native and wreak community they disrupt and grow fast

Autotrophs

Take in only inorganic nutrients and rely on outside energy to produce

Type producers

Producers

Type of autotroph

Heterotroph

Consume organic nutrients made by others and release CO2

Consumers

Consume food

herbivores only plants

Carnivores

Omnivores

Food webs

Shows the interconnecting paths of energy flow between components of ecosystem

Grazing food web

Energy flow starts with plants

Detrital food web

Begins with bacteria and fungi

Food chain

Show single path of energy

Trophic level

Step in food chain or food web that Shows how energy moves from one group to other

Ecological pyramid

Transfer of energy between successive trophic levels

Only 10% is passed from level to level

Aquatic ecosystem

Freshwater and marine

Terrestrial ecosystem

Also called biomes there are 7

What defines biomes

Temperate and rainfall

Primary productivity

Rate at which plants producers make food using sunlight and store that energy as nutrients

Tundra is lowest and desert

Highest is coral reef and rain forest