Psych/Ch.8 (8)

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to Motivation and Emotion, aiding in studying for the exam.

Motivation

The process that influences goal-directed behavior.

Emotion

Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of experiences.

Affect

Positive or negative feeling states.

Cognitive appraisal

The evaluation of stimuli that leads to emotional responses.

Physiological response

Automatic bodily reactions to emotional stimuli.

Expressive behavior

Observable expressions of emotion.

Instrumental behavior

Actions taken to achieve specific goals.

Thalamus

Brain structure that directs sensory input to the amygdala and cerebral cortex.

Amygdala

Region of the brain involved in emotional reactions.

Cerebral cortex

Part of the brain responsible for conscious interpretation of emotional stimuli.

Dual Pathway of Emotion

Two independent neural pathways: one for immediate emotional response and one for cognitive processing.

Prefrontal asymmetry

Differences in left and right prefrontal activity associated with positive and negative affect.

Discrete Emotions Theory

Theory proposing certain emotions are universally felt across cultures.

Cultural display rules

Societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions.

James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from our interpretations of bodily reactions.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously in response to an emotion-provoking event.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Instinct Theory

Theory suggesting behavior is motivated by inherited predispositions.

Drive Theory

Physiological disruptions create drives that motivate behavior to restore balance.

Incentive Theories

Focus on external stimuli that pull individuals towards certain behaviors.

Expectancy Theory

Behavior is influenced by the expectation that actions will lead to desired outcomes.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards and personal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or the avoidance of punishment.

Psychodynamic Theory

Theory proposing behavior is influenced by unconscious impulses and psychological defenses.

Humanistic Theory

Theory focusing on the motivation for personal growth and self-actualization.

Deficiency Needs

Basic needs concerned with physical and social survival according to Maslow.

Growth Needs

Needs unique to humans that promote personal development.

Self-Actualization

The fulfillment of personal potential.

Achievement Goal Theory

Focuses on how individuals define success and set goals.

Mastery Orientation

Desire to understand and master new skills.

Performance Orientation

Desire to be judged favorably compared to others.

Motivational Conflict

Struggles that arise from competing goals.

Approach-approach Conflict

Conflict arising from choosing between two desirable goals.

Avoidance-avoidance Conflict

Conflict arising from choosing between two negative options.

Approach-avoidance Conflict

Conflict from the desire to achieve a goal while fearing its negative aspects.

Intrinsic rewards

Benefits gained from performing a task for its own sake.

Extrinsic rewards

Benefits received from performing a task to earn a reward.

Behavioral tendencies

Typical actions or responses that are linked to emotional states.

Adaptive Value of Emotion

The usefulness of emotions in directing attention and influencing behavior.

Positive emotions

Emotions that broaden thinking and encourage exploration.

Negative emotions

Emotions that narrow attention and increase physiological activation.

Social communication

Using emotional expressions to convey internal states to others.

Autonomic Responses

Automatic physiological reactions that occur in response to stimuli.

Sensation-seeking

The pursuit of new and intense experiences.

Biological drives

Internal states that push individuals toward behaviors that fulfill biological needs.

Homeostasis

The body's need to maintain stable internal conditions.

Drives

States of internal tension that motivate behavior.

Incentive value

The perceived worth of a stimulus in motivating behavior.

Expectancy × Value Theory

The concept that motivation is the product of expectancy and the incentive value of the goal.

Psychological safety

The safety and security related to emotional well-being.

Social acceptance

The need to be accepted and valued by others.

Conflict

The struggle to make decisions or push through competing desires.

Hunger signals

Physical cues that trigger the sensation of hunger.

Achievement motivation

The desire to succeed or excel in tasks.

Fear of failure

An apprehension that negatively influences performance.

Goal-directed behavior

Actions taken with a specific goal in mind.

Visceral response

An immediate emotional reaction that can influence behavior.

Muscular contractions

Physical sensations that can indicate hunger.

Maximizing utility

Making choices that provide the greatest benefit or satisfaction.

Drive reduction

The theory that drives are motivational states that push towards homeostasis.

Neurological pathways

Routes along which emotions and impulses travel in the nervous system.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.

Self-determination

The process by which individuals control their own lives.

Subcortical activity

Brain activities that occur beneath the cortex in response to emotional stimuli.

Regulation of emotion

Processes involved in managing one’s emotional responses.

Physical arousal

The physiological component of emotional responses.

Cognitive appraisal process

The assessment and interpretation of emotional stimuli.

Bodily reactions

Physical changes that accompany emotional experiences.

Interpersonal influence

The effect of one person's emotions on another's behavior.

Emotional resonance

The capacity to share and understand emotions with others.

Desirability increases

As a goal is approached, its attractiveness often intensifies.

Evolutionary basis of emotion

The idea that emotions are hardwired and have developed for survival.

Emotional defense mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to protect oneself from emotional pain.

Positive affect

Pleasant emotional states that promote well-being.

Negative affect

Unpleasant emotional states linked with distress.

Feedback loop in emotion

The process wherein emotions influence physiological and cognitive responses.

Expressive suppression

The process of inhibiting emotional expression.

Emotion-focused coping

Coping strategies that aim to manage emotional responses rather than the stressor itself.

Motivational strategies

Different methods to encourage goal attainment.

Achievement orientation

An individual's approach to tackling challenges and achieving goals.

Social environment

The surrounding context that influences emotional and motivational processes.

Cultural influences on emotion

How societal norms affect emotional expression and experience.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Theory suggesting frustration leads to aggression.

Emotional dysregulation

Difficulty in controlling emotional responses.

Biopsychosocial perspective

A viewpoint that combines biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior.