Lecture 3:Theories of Crime - Learning Environmental Explanations

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31 Terms

1

Psychodynamic Theories

Theories that suggest crime results from dynamic internal forces within the individual and early childhood experiences.

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2

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist known for his theories on the id, ego, and superego, which explain personality development.

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3

Superego

The part of the personality that incorporates the values and morals of society and influences conscience.

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4

Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation

A theory that suggests criminal behavior can result from early separation from caregivers.

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5

Hirschi’s Social Control Theory

A theory explaining that four social bonds promote conformity and negatively correlate with crime.

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6

Operant Conditioning

A learning process through rewards and punishments that influences behavior likelihood.

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7

Social Learning Theory

A theory that emphasizes learning through observation and interaction with others.

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8

Differential Association Theory

A theory proposing that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.

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9

Reinforcement

Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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10

Eysenck’s Biosocial Theory of Crime

A theory stating that individual differences in nervous system functioning impact criminal behavior.

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11

Vicarious Conditioning

Learning that occurs by observing others being rewarded or punished.

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12

Classical Conditioning

Learning to associate one stimulus with another that predicts an outcome.

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13

Akers’s Social Learning Theory

A theory focusing on how group interactions influence criminal behavior through rewards and punishments.

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14

PIC-R Theory

A theory that integrates personal, interpersonal, and community influences on criminal behavior.

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15

Acquisition (Classical Conditioning)

The learning phase where a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

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16

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

The process where a conditioned response diminishes after the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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17

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs through observing others, particularly in social contexts.

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18

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that initially does not elicit any intrinsic response.

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19

Causal Ordering

The relationship between cause and effect in explanations of behavior.

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20

Emotional Responses

Feelings that can be conditioned over time through various experiences.

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21

Methodological Weaknesses

Flaws in research design that may affect the validity of study findings.

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22

Conscience

An internal sense of right and wrong that guides behavior.

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23

Antisocial Behavior

Actions that violate social norms and can harm others.

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24

Social Bonds

Connections that individuals have to societal institutions, which can influence conformity to norms.

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25

Delinquent Behavior

Engaging in unlawful or rebellious activities, typically associated with youth.

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26

Statistical Significance

A measure that helps determine if observations from data can be attributed to chance.

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27

Empirical Support

Data that supports a theory or hypothesis derived from observation and experimentation.

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28

Covert Aversive Conditioning

Conditioning that involves exposure to unpleasant stimuli without the individual being aware.

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29

Overt Aversive Conditioning

Conditioning that involves exposure to unpleasant stimuli with the individual being aware.

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30

Conditionability

The ability to form associations through conditioned responses, unique to individuals.

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31

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm or assert dominance over another, often learned through observation.

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