Wilson chapter 11

What test reconciles two views of the 1st Amendment regarding free speech?

Clear-and-present-danger test

What clause prevents state infringement on fundamental rights in the 14th Amendment?

Due process clause of the 14th Amendment

What clause of the 1st Amendment forbids government involvement in religion?

Establishment clause

What rule disallows evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution from being used in trial?

Exclusionary rule

Which part of the First Amendment protects various freedoms including speech and assembly?

Free expression clause

What act declared the Communist party part of a conspiracy against the government in 1954?

Communist Control Act

What acts made it a crime to advocate against the military during WWI?

Espionage and Sedition Acts

What term describes the two parts of the 1st Amendment related to religion?

Religious clauses

What exception allows use of improperly obtained evidence if the police believed it was valid?

Good-faith exception

What law required Communist party members to register with the government in 1950?

Internal Security Act (or McCarran Act)

What term describes the practice of accusing individuals of unpatriotic motives during the Red Scare?

McCarthyism

What type of speech lacks constitutional protection and appeals to community standards of decency?

Obscenity

What must be established for a judge to issue a search warrant?

Probable cause

What was the Sedition Act of 1798 aimed at suppressing?

False, scandalous, and malicious statements about the government

What act criminalized advocating government overthrow by violence in 1940?

Smith Act

What Supreme Court interpretation permits no government involvement in religion?

Wall of separation

What clause prohibits Congress from interfering with individuals' practices of religion?

Free exercise clause

What defines a crime motivated by racial or ethnic bias?

Hate crime

What form of speech involves false statements damaging another's reputation?

Libel

What rights are included in Miranda warnings?

Right to remain silent and right to legal counsel

What term refers to prior government censorship of the press?

Prior restraint

What must public figures show in a libel case?

Actual malice

What judicial authorization allows police to search premises?

Search warrant

What form of speech involves illegal acts meant to convey a political message?

Symbolic speech (or Speech plus)

What programs attempt to rectify past discrimination through preferences?

Affirmative action

What landmark decision overturned 'separate but equal' in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

What designation refers to individuals not holding U.S. citizenship?

Alien

What requirement insists all government classifications must be reasonable?

Rational basis

What act prohibits discrimination in public accommodations?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

What principle suggests salary should reflect job 'worth' over market pay?

Comparable worth

What term is used for federal laws that made it a crime to advocate treason during WWI?

Espionage and Sedition Acts

What does the 14th Amendment prohibit regarding citizens?

Denial of privileges and immunities, or due process and equal protection under the law

What is the term for the deliberate discrimination through laws enacted to uphold segregation?

De jure segregation

What Supreme Court case established the principle 'separate but equal'?

Plessy v. Ferguson

What law required state officials to ensure rights for minorities were respected?

Voting Rights Act of 1965

What is defined as a significant difference in opinion between genders on political views?

Gender gap

What act of 1972 aimed to prohibit gender discrimination?

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

What type of voting requirement is frequently used to disenfranchise minority voters?

Literacy test

What characterization applies to groups advocating for public goods like clean air?

Public-interest lobby

What do campaigners usually show in their civic engagement?

Higher education and clearer party identification

What form of discrimination occurs based on racial animus?

Hate crime

What is the legal framework that allows a citizen to challenge harmful government actions?

Civil rights

What was the result of the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education?

It declared state laws establishing separate schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

What concept refers to actions intended to protect minority groups in hiring practices?

Preferential treatment

What describes the practice of surveilling groups with suspected extremist ties, particularly during the Cold War?

McCarthyism

What is the procedural requirement necessary for law enforcement to execute a search warrant?

Probable cause

What term describes individuals who avoid political participation yet contact government officials for personal issues?

Parochial participants

What did the Voting Rights Act aim to address regarding voting access?

It sought to eliminate discriminatory practices that disenfranchised minority voters.

What principle argues that legislation must serve a compelling public interest in classifications based on race?

Strict scrutiny

What term is used for laws promoting the rights of women in the workforce?

Equal Pay Act of 1963

What type of political participation involves peaceful lawbreaking for justice?

Civil disobedience

What describes non-citizens residing in the U.S.?

Alien

Which clause in the Constitution prohibits discriminatory laws against individuals?

Equal Protection Clause

What is described as favoritism shown to candidates or policies in governmental decisions?

Political bias

What refers to the process used to gauge public opinion on political issues?

Poll

What concept captures the interests and needs of a group often mobilized for political action?

Interest group

What refers to an election system that protects against fraud and ensures secrecy?

Australian ballot

What term describes relationships of trust among certain political groups?

Political networks

What Supreme Court ruling allowed race-based affirmative action in university admissions?

Grutter v. Bollinger

What term refers to a type of political engagement characterized by a focus on party loyalty?

Party identification

What legal provision requires evidence to be excluded if obtained illegally?

Exclusionary rule

What amendment was ratified in 1868 to protect citizenship rights?

14th Amendment

What Supreme Court case in 1954 ruled against school segregation?

Brown v. Board of Education

What is the main purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

To ban discrimination in public accommodations and employment

What does the term 'de facto segregation' refer to?

Segregation existing through societal norms rather than laws

What was the aim of the Smith Act of 1940?

To make it illegal to advocate government overthrow by force

What term describes the practice of peaceful violation of laws for justice?

Civil disobedience

What Supreme Court decision allows men but not women to be drafted for military service?

Rostker v. Goldberg

What does the 15th Amendment guarantee?

The right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

What are 'Miranda warnings'?

Rights informing arrested individuals of their legal protections

What is meant by 'hate crime'?

A crime motivated by bias against a person's identity

What legal principle involves government decisions that must serve a strong public purpose?

Strict scrutiny

What does the 'Establishment clause' in the First Amendment entail?

It prohibits the government from favoring one religion over another

What defines 'probable cause' in the context of law enforcement?

A reasonable basis for believing a crime has been committed

What is considered 'obscenity' in legal terms?

Speech or materials lacking serious artistic, literary, or political value and appealing to sexual interest

What does the 26th Amendment establish?

It lowers the voting age to eighteen

What law required voter registration options when applying for a driver's license?

Motor-voter law (or National Voter Registration Act of 1993)

What is a 'political action committee' (PAC)?

An organization that raises money to support political candidates

Define 'libel' in the context of free speech.

A published false statement that damages a person's reputation

What is 'McCarthyism' associated with?

The practice of making unsubstantiated accusations of disloyalty, especially regarding Communism

What term is used to describe a law preventing certain individuals from voting in primaries?

White primary

What does 'affirmative action' seek to accomplish?

To provide equal opportunities for historically marginalized groups

What type of test was commonly used to disenfranchise voters indirectly?

Poll tax

What is 'public interest lobby'?

An interest group addressing issues that benefit the public at large

What does the term 'gender gap' refer to in politics?

The differences in political views and voting behavior between men and women

What organization, founded in 1909, works to advance the rights of African Americans?

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

What does the term 'symbolic speech' refer to?

Actions that express an idea without verbal communication

What standard must government classifications based on race meet under the law?

They must be closely related to a compelling public interest

What Supreme Court case ruled that segregated schools are inherently unequal?

Brown v. Board of Education

What does 'literacy test' refer to in voting contexts?

An assessment used to restrict voting access, often unfairly to minorities

What clause in the 14th Amendment prevents states from denying personal rights?

Due process clause of the 14th Amendment

What does the First Amendment's free exercise clause guarantee?

It forbids Congress from prohibiting individuals' practice of religion.

What was the purpose of the Communist Control Act of 1954?

To declare the Communist party as part of a conspiracy against the government.

What law, enacted in 1964, outlawed discrimination in most public places?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

What is the focus of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

To eliminate barriers preventing minorities from voting.

What does the term 'public-interest lobby' refer to?

Interest groups that focus on promoting public goods.