Last resort Semester 2 Final

If you havent studied yet and you dont have time to do the other Semester 2 final, do this one.

Neuron

Basic cell of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

Synapse

Space across which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another.

Axon

Part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body.

Dendrite

Part of a neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body.

Myelin sheath

Fatty covering that insulates axons and speeds nerve conduction.

Central nervous system

The brain and spinal cord.

Autonomic nervous system

Division of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions.

Sympathetic nervous system

Division of the autonomic nervous system active during stress.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Division of the autonomic nervous system active during rest.

Brain

Organ that controls body functions and responses.

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain responsible for thought, memory, and voluntary movement.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination.

Brainstem

Part of the brain that controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Thalamus

Brain structure that relays sensory information.

Hypothalamus

Brain structure that regulates homeostasis and hormones.

Meninges

Protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid that cushions and circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

Spinal cord

Main pathway for nerve signals between the brain and body.

Reflex

Involuntary response to a stimulus.

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain.

CT scan

Cross-sectional imaging technique using X-rays.

Lumbar puncture

Procedure used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid.

Stroke

Loss of brain function caused by interrupted blood flow.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain.

Aneurysm

Abnormal bulging of an artery wall.

Epilepsy

Neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

Absence seizure

Brief seizure involving loss of awareness.

Tonic-clonic seizure

Severe seizure involving convulsions and loss of consciousness.

Aphasia

Loss or impairment of speech.

Ataxia

Loss of muscle coordination.

Paresthesia

Abnormal sensation such as tingling or numbness.

Syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness; fainting.

Alzheimer’s disease

Degenerative brain disease causing memory loss and cognitive decline.

Parkinson’s disease

Neurological disorder caused by dopamine deficiency.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Disease involving destruction of the myelin sheath.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Progressive disease affecting motor neurons.

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges.

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain.

Hydrocephalus

Excess accumulation of fluid within the brain.

Kidney

Organ that filters blood and produces urine.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.

Glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries where blood filtration begins.

Bowman's capsule

Structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtrate.

Ureter

Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Urinary bladder

Organ that stores urine.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine out of the body.

Filtration

Process of removing waste from the blood.

Reabsorption

Process of returning useful substances to the bloodstream.

Urea

Major nitrogen-containing waste product in urine.

Creatinine

Waste product commonly used to evaluate kidney function.

Urinalysis

Examination of urine.

Glucose

Sugar whose presence in urine may indicate diabetes.

Hemodialysis

Filtration of blood outside the body when kidneys fail.

Foley catheter

Indwelling catheter used to drain urine.

Cystoscopy

Visual examination of the bladder using a cystoscope.

Kidney failure

Loss of kidney function.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney glomeruli.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection of the urinary system.

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine.

Proteinuria

Presence of protein in the urine.

Dysuria

Painful urination.

Polyuria

Excessive urination.

Oliguria

Reduced urine production.

Anuria

Absence of urine production.

Incontinence

Loss of voluntary control of urination.

Ovary

Female reproductive organ that produces eggs and hormones.

Ovulation

Release of an egg from the ovary.

Uterus

Female reproductive organ where a fetus develops.

Endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus.

Cervix

Lower opening of the uterus into the vagina.

Vagina

Muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior.

Placenta

Organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.

Estrogen

Primary female sex hormone.

Progesterone

Hormone that supports pregnancy.

Menstruation

Monthly shedding of the uterine lining.

Menopause

Permanent cessation of menstruation.

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

Screening test for cervical abnormalities.

Endometriosis

Growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation.

Preeclampsia

Pregnancy disorder involving high blood pressure.

Testis

Male reproductive organ that produces sperm.

Sperm

Male reproductive cell.

Prostate gland

Gland that contributes fluid to semen.

Testosterone

Primary male sex hormone.

Epididymis

Structure where sperm mature and are stored.

Vas deferens

Tube that transports sperm from the epididymis.

Vasectomy

Surgical procedure that prevents sperm from entering semen.