Psychostimulants: Cocaine & Amphetamines

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the history, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, physiological effects, and behavioral effects of cocaine and amphetamines, as well as tolerance and withdrawal symptoms associated with cocaine use.

What is the historical origin of cocaine?

Cocaine is a naturally occurring substance from the Erythroxylon coca plant, native to South America.

What are the common routes of administration for cocaine?

Cocaine can be administered intranasally, intravenously, or orally, but not orally as it is ionized in the stomach.

What pharmacodynamic action does cocaine primarily exert?

Cocaine blocks monoamine re-uptake transporters for serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, increasing these neurotransmitters in the brain.

What physiological effects are associated with the acute use of cocaine?

Acute use can cause increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, hypertension, and hyperthermia.

What is the mechanism through which cocaine produces euphoria?

Cocaine increases dopamine levels in the synapse by blocking reuptake in the mesolimbic pathway.

What are some examples of behavioral effects of cocaine use?

Behavioral effects include hyperactivity and stereotypy, characterized by compulsive behaviors like teeth grinding and repeated oral movements.

What are the potential consequences of high doses of cocaine?

High doses can lead to heart failure, stroke, seizure, and hemorrhage.

What does tolerance to cocaine involve at the neurochemical level?

Tolerance involves down-regulation of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex.

What are common withdrawal symptoms from cocaine?

Withdrawal symptoms can include depressed mood, anhedonia, anergia, anxiety, and cravings.

How long can withdrawal symptoms last after cocaine detoxification?

Cocaine withdrawal symptoms can last from 1 to 10 weeks.

What are the similarities between amphetamines and naturally occurring compounds?

Amphetamines are similar to natural compounds like cathinone (from khat) and ephedrine.

What is MDMA commonly known as?

MDMA is commonly known as ecstasy.