UTS 1

Week 1

What did Socrates mean by “Know thyself”?

The self is dualistic — body + soul; true wisdom comes from self‑examination.

What are the three parts of Plato’s soul?

Rational (reason), Spirited (emotions/will), Appetitive (desires).

How did Augustine combine philosophy and Christianity?

Body = imperfect, soul = immortal, seeks God; beauty reflects divine perfection.

What is Descartes’ famous dictum?

“I think, therefore I am” — self = thinking mind + body.

How did Locke define personal identity?

Continuity of consciousness and memory, not substance.

How did Hume view the self?

A bundle of perceptions; beauty is subjective.

What is Kant’s “transcendental unity of apperception”?

The “I think” unifies all experiences; self enables consciousness.

What did Ryle mean by “ghost in the machine”?

Criticism of dualism; self = actions/behavior, not hidden substance.

How did Churchland ground the self?

In the physical brain; identity = neurological processes.

What is Merleau-Ponty’s view of the self?

Embodied experience — self always situated in the body.

What are Freud’s three components of the self?

Id (instincts, pleasure principle), Ego (mediator, reality principle), Superego (moral conscience).