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Indexical signs
signifer / signified
signifer
the sign
signified
what it points to/suggests
denotation
literal interpretation
connotation
metaphorical interpretation
code
collection of signs
encode / decode
how meaning is mediated in a text
iconography
visual, technical, audio and written codes
Visual codes
mise en scene - gestures, facial expressions, blocking, composition, framing, camera angles, props, costume, setting
Technical codes
lighting (natural/artificial/industrial/high key/low key/halo); editing (montage/continuity); camera movement (zoom, track, dolly, tilt), typography, layout
Audio codes
diagetic/ non-diagetic, sound effects, sound bed, ambience, volume, crescendo/fade
Paradigmatic Choices
the toolbox of signs within a culture available to the producer
Myths
the ‘stories’ that underpin the structures of our society eg ‘the underdog’ ‘hard work pays off’
Ideologies
the belief systems that form the structures of society
Cultural capital
the cultural awareness an audience uses to decode a text
Hegemony/Hegemonic
the dominant viewpoint/messaging in a society often used as a form of systematic control to maintain an imbalance of power
Levi - Strauss
The structures in society are organised into binary oppositions that help us to make sense of the world around us. These binary oppositions create conflict from which we derive meaning
enigma code
mystery within a text
action code
parts of a narrative which are related to things happening
Semantic codes
the literal meaning of language
Symbolic codes
deeper meanings or connotations of language
Referential code
a part of a text refers to something outside of the text