Chapter 9 senses

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46 Terms

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Sense
The ability to perceive stimuli.
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Sensation
The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons.
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General senses
Touch, pain, temperature.
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Special senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance.
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Mechanoreceptors
Receptors that detect movement, such as touch, pressure, and vibration.
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Chemoreceptors
Receptors that detect chemicals, including odors and tastes.
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Photoreceptors
Receptors that detect light, important for vision.
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Thermoreceptors
Receptors that detect temperature changes.
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Nociceptors
Receptors that detect pain.
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Merkel's disks
Receptors that detect light touch and pressure.
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Meissner corpuscles
Receptors that localize tactile sensations.
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Pacinian corpuscles
Receptors that detect deep pressure, vibration, and position.
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Localized pain
Sharp, fast pain.
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Diffuse pain
Burning, slow pain.
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Referred pain
Pain perceived in a different location than the source.
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Olfaction
The sense of smell, involving chemoreceptors.
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Cranial Nerve I
The olfactory nerve that carries olfactory information.
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Taste buds
Sensory organs located on the tongue, hard palate, and throat that detect taste.
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Basic tastes
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami.
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Cranial nerves for taste
Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X).
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Eyebrows
Structures that protect the eye from sweat and sunlight.
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Lacrimal glands
Glands that produce tears.
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Cornea
The transparent layer that focuses light onto the retina.
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Pupil
The opening that controls the amount of light entering the eye.
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Fovea centralis
The part of the retina responsible for sharp vision.
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Blind spot
The optic disc where the optic nerve exits the eye.
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Rods
Photoreceptors responsible for black and white vision in low light.
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Cones
Photoreceptors responsible for color vision in bright light.
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Rhodopsin
A photosensitive pigment found in rods.
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Myopia
Nearsightedness, where the image is focused in front of the retina.
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Hyperopia
Farsightedness, where the image is focused behind the retina.
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Outer ear
The part of the ear that includes the external structures.
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Middle ear
The part of the ear that includes the tympanic membrane and ossicles.
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Inner ear
The part of the ear that includes the cochlea and vestibular structures.
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Tympanic membrane
The eardrum that separates the outer and middle ear.
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Auditory ossicles
Three small bones in the middle ear: Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
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Oval window
The structure that transmits sound waves into the cochlea.
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Cochlea
The structure in the inner ear where hearing takes place.
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial nerve VIII responsible for hearing and balance.
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Static equilibrium
The sense that detects head position relative to gravity.
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Dynamic equilibrium
The sense that detects head movement.
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Semicircular canals
Part of the inner ear responsible for detecting rotational movements.
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Presbycusis
Age-related hearing loss.
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Otitis media
Middle ear infection.
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Tinnitus
Ringing in the ears.
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Meniere's disease
An inner ear disorder causing vertigo and hearing loss.