BPK 207: Section 4

What are some cognitive factors that affect how you move?

Decision-making, attention, motivation, emotional aspects, memory, the ability to switch between tasks

Higher cognitive demands make movements?

more challenging

What is reaction time commonly used to study?

How cognitive factors impact movement

What are some individual factors that affect reaction time?

Readiness, attention, arousal/anxiety, motivation

What are some stimulus factors that affect reaction time?

Presentation modality (visual, auditory, tactile)

Intensity (loudness, brightness)

Complexitity (amount of information)

Predictability

What are some response factors that affect Reaction Time?

Number of response choices,

Response complexity,

Stimulus-response compatibility

Practice level

What is anticipation?

Readiness to respond to a signal or cue for movement

How are experiments designed, in respect to anticipation?

Often designed to prevent particpants from anticipating stimuli

What is temporal anticipation?

Ability to anticipate when a stimulus will occur

What is the basis of effector anticipation?

To effectively time movements, you need to estimate how long it takes to plan and execute them, this influences when you start your action

What is foreperiod regularity (temporal anticipation) ?

Foreperiod is interval between a warning cue and the stimulus onset

Keeping a constant foreperiod can lead to shorter reaction times

What is foreperiod duration (temporal anticipation) ?

1. If foreperiod is too short, reaction times increase because no time to prepare

2. If foreperiod is too long, reaction times also increase, specifically in catch trials

What are catch trials, and which anticipation skill do they train?

When expected stimulus is withheld, Eg. ready… set… and no following up with ‘Go’

Trains temporal anticipation, as when training with catch trials and then switching to regular trials a quicker reaction time is seen

How is attention defined?

Information processing capacity of an individual

As well as, the preparedness for and selection of certain aspects of our physical environment

These make it so you can ignore other stimuli

What does the attention pre-cue paradigm show?

How attention can influence reaction time

If pre-cue is valid, you are faster

Performing multiple tasks (multitasking) simultanesouly can impact what?

Can impact performance on one or all tasks

What is limited attention?

Each individual has a limited capacity for processing information

What is task performance?

Engaging in a task draws from this capacity

What is diminshed performance?

When two tasks require more capacity than available, performance on either or both tasks declines

What is the Dual-task paradigm logic/assumption?

Info processing capacity is limited for any individual

Performing a task requires a given portion of that individuals capacity

If two tasks are performed simultaneously and require more than the idnviiduals total capacity , then performance diminishes

Dual-task primary task:

Usually motor behaviour

walking, reaching, standing

Dual-task secondary tasks:

Continuous, performed throughout primary task

Descrete, responding to stimuli presented at various intervals during the primary task

What is capactiy interference

If two tasks compete for same attentionalr esources, there will be a decrement in performance on one or both tasks

Measures attention

What is structural interference?

Decreased performance caused by physical structures

What is an example of structural interference?

Standing balance as a primary task while vocalizing as a secondary task

During the dual tasking during standing experiment, which tasks does the participant prioritze?

Balance over maintaing

What is arousal?

An internal state of alertness or excitement

What is anxiety?

Emotional and cognitive impact of arousal, such as nervousness or tension

What is the inverted-u relation?

Optimal performance requires moderate arousal levels

Low and high levels of arousal lead to decrease in performance

What is the zone of optimal functioning

Zone defining a range of arousal levels for optimal eprformance

Depends on individual and task

Relating to arousal levels, research indicates that complex skills may require?

Lower arousal levels than simple skills

Threatning situations can result in a?

slower gait speed, more cautious gait strategy

What are the three stages of cognitive processing that occur before responding to a stimulus?

Stimulus identification

Response selection

Response programming

The three stages of information processing can be serial or?

parallel

What are some factors that influence response selection and reaction time?

Number of choices

Compatibility between the stimulus and response

Stimulus must be identifiied or recognized as?, and then?

Part of a pattern, and then converted to an action potential

What is the Choice Reaction Time Paradigm?

Individul is presented with a random series of stimuli, each stimulus corresponds to a correct choice/response, goal is to respond as quickly as possible

What is Hicks Law

relationship between choice RT and # of S-R alternatives

some restrictions apply, but mostly constant

Slope of Hicks Law indicates?

decision making speed during response selction stage and reflects how much extra time each additional choice adds to reaction time

During Hicks Law, when you increase a ‘bit’ how much does the # of alternatives increase

they double

i.e 0 bit = 1 S-R alternative, 1. bit = 2 S-R alternative, 2 bits = 4 S-R alternatives, etc.

What does the intercept of Hicks law show?

Measures overall ‘speed’ of sensory and motor system without any time required for making a response decision

What is a ‘bit’ in Hicks law

The amount of information that reduces uncertainty by half

What is a sports application of Hicks Law

in hockey, 3-on-1, player with puck can pass to two teammates or retain the puck, Increases # of alternatives the player must consider, potentially slowing RT

Similar patterns result in?

faster reaction times

What is the stimulus-response compatibility?

response speed is influenced by the relationshp between stimulus patterns and responses

When does the response programming stage occur?

after response selection

The response programming stage has several key steps, what are they?

1. retrieving a motor program from memory

2. Preparing the program for activation

3. Initiating the mvoement to reach the desired goal

During the Henry-Rogers experiment, what is the primary reason for increaed reaction time?

Complexity of movement parts being increased, or increase in number of movement parts

What is the psychological refractory period?

delay period during which you cant select a 2nd movement until a 1st movement is initated

What does the psychological refractory period result in?

Delay in the response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli

What is the Double-Stimulation paradigm? And what concept is it used to show?

Two stimuli are presented and require different responses, the two stimuli are separated by an interval

Concept shows Psychological Refractory Period

What is the grouping effect in the double-stimulation paradigm?

When stimulus onset asynchrony is very short, (eg. 10 ms), the two stimuli are percieved as one

What are the three factors that can influence Psychological Refractory Period?

1. Effects of practifce => decreases reaction time

2. Complexity of 1st stimulus => less complex is shorter reaction time

3. Stimulus-response compatibility => compatible stimuli is shorter reaction time

What is an example of the double-stimulation paradigm in sports?

When an athlete “fakes” a shot, this si stimulus #1 and then when they actually shoot, this is stimulus #2

What is spatial working memory?

Temporary storage of spatial information,

Through experiments, what is the determined time that humans can maintain a memory of obstacle height?

at least 2 minutes