5.17B - 5.20B Biology : Cloning

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9 Terms

1
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micropropagation def

the growing of plants from small pieces of plant tissue in test tubes under controlled conditions

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steps micropropagation

  • cells known as explants are scraped from the parent plant

  • the surface of the explants are sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant and rinsed with sterile water

  • transferred to sterile petri dish with sterile nutrient agar

  • growth medium encourages explants to frow and divide into small masses of cells known as a callus

  • Each callus is transferred to a fresh growth medium that contains plant growth regulators hormones for root, stems and leaves to develop forming a plantlet

  • plantlet transferred to individual pot

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pros micropropagation

  • allows cheap production

  • greater yield as a large number of plants can be grown

  • faster

  • any time of the year - not seasonal

  • genetically identical to each other so they retain desired characteristic

  • disease free or resistant plants can be bred

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disadvantages of micropropagation

  • no variation so vulnerable to same disease and pests

  • sterile conditions and training required

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why does agar medium contain nutrients and auxins

the explants can not yet photosynthesize so they need nutrients for energy release. agar is a plant hormone that promotes faster growth

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why does it need to be sterilised

so no other unwanted organisms grow. can be pathogenic and kill samples, or be competition and use nutrients.

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how did we clone dolly the sheep

-body cell removed from sheep A and diploid mature nucleus removed

-egg cell removed from sheep B and enucleated (nucleus is removed)

-nucleus from sheep A inserted into egg cell from sheep B

-small electric shock stimulates mitosis of egg cell to form embryo

-then inserted into womb of a surrogate mother

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advantages of cloning

  • more individuals with desired characteristics

  • increased production of a particular product like milk

  • can clone genetically modified animals

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disadvantages of cloning

  • high failure rate and has side effects

  • very resource intensive and expensive