November assessments

Science exam

respiratioon

the release of energy from food

aerobic respiration

respiration in the presence of oxygen

respiration word equation

glucose + oxygen react to make energy + carbon dioxide + water

where respiration occurs

every cell in of animals or plants

anaerobic respiration

the release of energy from fool in the absence of oxygen. It produces much less energy

when humans respire anaerobically

they create lactic acid. a build up of lactic acid in muscle cells leads to cramps

why humans respire anaerobically

when we are struggling to provide enough oxygen to cells, usually when we are exercising

when plants, fungi or bacteria respire anaerobically

they produce alcohol and carbon dioxide from glucose. we use this fact to make economically important products like beer and wine

factors effecting the rate of respiration

oxygen (an/aerobic)

temperature (effects enzyme action)

water ( required as a medium for chemical reactions)

products of aerobic respiration

the products of aerobic respiration are water carbon dioxide and energy. We use this energy released to carry out call processes

respiration waste products

water and carbon are considered to be waste products and are excreted from the body

limewater

a chemical used to test for the presence of co2. if co2 is present the limewater turns milky

Gametes

cells that join

fertilization

joining of 2 gametes

zygote

the single cell that was created trough the joining of sperm and an egg

reproduction

the formation of new living things

asexual reproduction

when one cell splits into two. The offspring are genetically identical

sexual reproduction

two cells joining together to create a new cell. The offspring are genetically varied

characteristic

a trait/feature of an individual that distinguishes them different from another individual

variation

a difference between one oganism and another

inherited variation

controlled by genes

non inherited variation

differences that are learnt

DNA(non abbreviated)

DNA

carries genetic code that controls how we develop

chromosome

threadlike structures in the nucleus that are made of protein and DNA that contain our genes

gene

structure on the chromosome that controls our characteristics

allele

different form of the same gene

dominant

the version of a gene that prevents others from working

recessive

the version of a gene that is prevented by another version

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype

physical expression of the genotype

atom

the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element

element

substance made up of only one atom. cannot be broken down any smaller

molecule

made of 2 or more of the same atom that are chemically combined

compound

made up of two or more different types of atom that are chemically combined

mixture

made of two or more compounds that are not chemically combined

proton

a possitivley charged ssubatomic particle found in the nucleus

electron

a negativley charged subatomic particle found in the shells

neutron

an uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

periodic table

a table that is an arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic, arranged in rows called periods and columns named groups

periods

horizontal rows in the periodic table that are in increasing proton number. Tells you the amount of shells the element has

groups

vertical columns in the periodic table where elements with similar physical and chemical properties are grouped together. Tells us how many electrons are in the outermost shell

group 1,2,7,8 names

alkali metals,alkaline earths,halogens,noble gases

alkali

a substance which reacts with an acid to form a salt and water. Alkali are bases that dissolve in water

halogen

group VII of the periodic table

noble gases

grooup VIII of the periodic table. Are not reactive

ionic bonding

occur when one atom loses and another atom gains electrons

compound

a compound is formed when 2 or more elements chemically combine

covalent bonding when atoms share electron

valency

combining power of an element

atomic number

number of protons in t

mass number

number of protons and neutrons

density

density of an object is a measure of how tightly packed its particles are. measured in mass per unit volume g/cm3

water

water has a the density of 1. if an object is more dense than water it will sink, less dense it will float

3

3

4

4

characteristics of life

cells, nutrition, excretion, response and reproduction

cells

the basic building blocks of all living things

nutrition

the way in which living things get thier food

excretion

the way in which living things get rid of the waste that they produce

response

the way in which living things react to change in their enviroment

reproduction

the way in which living things create new living things

organism

a living thing that has the characteristics of life

kingdoms of life

animal, plant, fungi, bacteria, protista

bacteria

the simplest forms of life

fungi

simple forms of life that can cause disease but can also be very beneficial. Yeast can be used to produce alcohol

plants

complex forms of life, plants are capable of producing their own food for example shrubs bushes trees

animal

complex forms of life. must eat other organisms to obtain their food, for example rabbit or wolf

protista

seaweed and ameobas. can be unicellular or multicellular but are simple and hard to define

bacteria

the simplest forms of life and are very small. can be dangerous and disease causing

vertibrates

animals that have a backbone e.g. cat, dog, horse

invertebrate

animals with no backbone e.g. jellyfish, bees, spiders

cells

all living things are made out of cells

nuclues

controls the cell and all of its activities. also contains chromosomes that hold our genetic code

cytoplasm

the jelly like substance found in the cells and where the chemical reactions take place

cell membrane

surrounds the cell and holds keeps cell content inside. also controls what enters and exits the cell

ribosome

small structures used to make protiens

mitochondrion

provides energy to the cell

cell wall

provides structure and support to the cell

vacuole

stores water food and waste in the cell

chloroplast

allows the plant to make its own food. contains the green pigment chlorophyll

our transport system includes

blood,a system of vessles to carry the blood and a heart to pump the blood

our blood is made of _ parts

4

white blood cells

fight infecton

red blood cells

transport oxygen

plasma

the liquid part of blood that transports chamicals and heat

platelets

clot the blood

haemoglobin

the red pigment that is found in the blood and transports oxygen

if we are too hot

blood vessels near our skin enlarge to lose heat

if we are too cold

blood vessels near our skin get small to retain heat

antibodies

proteins produced by white blood cells to destroy microorganisms that have entered the body

arteries

blood vessels that take blood away from the heart

veins

blood vessels that take blood to the heart

capillaries

tiny blood vessels that link veins and arteries

ventricle

the lower chambers of the heart

atria

the upper chambers of the heart

septum

wall in the middle of the heart

valves

allow the blood in the heart to flow in one dircetion only

pulse

the expansion felt in an arterie due to blood being forced through it by a heart beat

blood low in oxygen

enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lunges where it gets more oxygen