Main Points 2

anatomical dead space , total dead space.

If alveoli become nonfunctional in gas exchange, their volume is added to the __________ , and the sum is the ________.

VC air can be expelled,

The FVC and FEV tests, which determine the rate at which _____?

FVC and FEV tests

________ are particularly valuable in distinguishing between obstructive and restrictive disease.

ventilation efficiency

Alveolar ventilation is the best index of ______ because it accounts for anatomical dead space.

Dalton's law

______ states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the total mixture.

Henry's law

______ states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

carbon dioxide and water vapor , less oxygen

Alveolar gas contains more ________ and considerably _______ than atmospheric air.

External respiration

Oxygen enters the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the alveoli.

Factors influencing external respiration

the partial pressure gradients, the thickness of the respiratory membrane, surface area available, and ventilation-perfusion coupling

Internal respiration

Carbon dioxide enters the blood, and oxygen leaves the blood and enters the tissues.

hemoglobin

Molecular oxygen is carried bound to _____ in the red blood cells.

PO2 and PCO2 of blood, blood pH, the presence of BPG, and temperature.

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin depends on the ______?

dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and (primarily) as bicarbonate ions in plasma.

CO2 is transported in the blood _____?

lowers , raises

Accumulating CO2 _____ blood pH; depletion of CO2 from blood _____ blood pH.

delivered to body tissues.

Hypoxia occurs when inadequate amounts of oxygen are _____?

cyanotic.

When hypoxia occurs, the skin and mucosae may become ______?