Biology Chapter 7 ATP production

What are the 4 steps for complete glucose breakdown

glycosis, transition reaction, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

why do we need carbon dioxide

to maintain homeostatic balance

where does glycolysis happen

in cytoplasm

is the initial breaking of sugar into pyruvate aerobic or anaerobic

anaerobic

what happens to ATP at the initial breaking of sugar

produces 2 ATP

what does the initial breaking of glucose turn into?

glycosis C6 pyruvate C3

what is important for cellular respiration

oxygen and mitochondria

what happens when pyruvate is anaerobically broken down

ferments

how do you get glucose into the mitochondria

goes through the transitional reaction

where does sugar come from and go to during the transitional reaction

from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria

where does krebs cycle take place

in the matrix of mitochondria

What does Krebs cycle produce

high energy electron carriers NADH FADH₂

what are the high energy electron carriers

NADH and FADH₂

what do electron carriers do

they carry electrons

how many electron carriers does glycosis produce

2 NADH

how many electron carriers does krebs cycle produce

8 6NADH 2FADH₂

where does chemiosmosis occur in the breakdown of glucose

krebs cycle and electron transport chain

what is reduced to what at the end of electron transport chain

water is reduced to water

how much ATP comes from one glucose molecule

36 ATP

how much ATP does the electron transport chain produce

32 ATP

what happens in substrate level phosphorylation

ATP synthase enzyme takes phosphate from a substrate (PGAP) and gives it to ADP to turn into ATP

what is glycogen

the storage form of sugar

how do you skip glycolysis when making ATP

using fats or protein

what is fermentation

anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate

what is the result of pyruvate breaking down without oxygen

ethanol or lactic acid

what produces ethanol in fermentation

yeast

what is ethanol production called in fermentation

alcohol fermentation

when yeast produce ethanol what do they release

CO₂

why does yeast release CO₂

to make bread rise

what is the purpose of ethanol in yeast

makes it smell like alcohol

why do yeast produce ethanol

to get NADH to use and recycle to make ATP

who uses lactic acid fermentation

fungi, bacteria, and humans

what are examples of lactic acid fermentation of fungi and bacteria

cheese and yogurt

example of fermentation in humans

oxygen deprivaiton

how is lactic acid produced by humans

respiratory system not keeping up with muscles

what does lactic acid do to the muscles

changes pH and causes inability to make ATP

where can lactic acid go to recycle

goes to the liver to turn back into pyruvate

what happens when you work out without energy

your muscles ferment

is fermentation good

no

where does electron transport electron happen

cristae of mitochondria

what happens in the transition reaction

pyruvate C₃ forms into acetyl-CoA

what helps enzymes make pyruvate turn into acetyl-CoA

coenzymes

what are the reactants/inputs of krebs cycle

2 acetyl groups, 2 ADP + 2P, 6 NAD⁺, 2 FAD

what are the products/outputs of krebs cycle

4CO₂, 2ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂

how do high energy electrons get to the protein pumps

the electron carrier NADH carries an electron to the proton pump